Gemendic: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 02:26, 24 May 2023
Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.
Gemendic | |
---|---|
rasta gemendesca | |
Pronunciation | [ˈräst̪ä ʒemen̪ˈd̪eskä] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
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Early forms | Old Gemendic
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Introduction
Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
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Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | bad "bed"; lambes "lamb" | |
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | pebre "pepper" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [p] | domb "mute" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [ɸ̞] | scab "form, condition" | ||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
elsewhere else | [k] | cara "care, concern" | ||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ̞] | anécdota "anecdote" | ||
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ | [ɣ̞] or [k] | actual "current" | ||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] | chosen "to choose" | |
ç | everywhere | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | naçón "nation" | |
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | doitre "daughter"; hando "hand" | |
elsewhere | [ð̞] | boda "benefit, use" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [t̪] | cald "cold" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [θ̞] | bad "bed" | ||
f | everywhere | [f] | fada "fence" | |
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʒ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | |
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | gannen "to go"; senga "(I) sing" | ||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | agre "field" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨n⟩ | [k] | sang "song" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [x̞] | rig "king" | ||
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | lenguage "language" | |
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | Paraguay "Paraguay" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | guitarra "guitar"; senguen "to sing" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞] | bagueta "baguette" | ||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ángüeda "distress" | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | següey "Segway" | ||
h | everywhere | [x] or [h] or [ħ] or ∅ | hando "hand" | Some speakers do not pronounce ⟨h⟩ at all or only pronounce it in foreign words. |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | honest "honest" | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced /x/ as a spelling pronunciation. | |
j | everywhere | [ʒ] | ja "yes, (positive emphasis)" | |
utterance-final | [ʃ] | haj "Hajj" | ||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | kilogram "kilogram" | Can generally be replaced with c or qu. |
l | everywhere | [l] | lag "lake" | |
ll | everywhere | [ʎ] | all "all" | |
l•l | everywhere | [lː] | il•logical "illogical" | |
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | mesa "table" | |
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | Adam "Adam" | ||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | nad "net" | |
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | anguo "narrow, distressing" | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | |
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | con "family, tribe" | ||
nn | everywhere | [ɲ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
n•n | everywhere | [nː] | in•novaçón "innovation" | |
p | everywhere | [p] | pèda "shirt" | |
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] or [ɸ̞] | baptista "baptist" | ||
q | everywhere | [k] | Qátar "Qatar" | In loanwords. |
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | quen "woman" | |
elsewhere | [kw] | quart "quarter" | ||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | qüestón "question" | |
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | rat "rat" | |
elsewhere | [ɾ] | xèro "sword" | ||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | carro "cart" | |
s | word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final | [s] | sono "son" | |
everywhere else | [z] | mesa "table" | ||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | passon "to pass" | |
sc | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʃ] | sceldo "shield" | |
elsewhere else | [sk] | scura "tornado, windstorm" | ||
t | everywhere | [t̪] | tu "you" | |
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | atmósfera "atmosphere" | ||
v | everywhere | [v] | vend "wind" | |
w | in loanwords | [v] | wolfram "tungsten" | |
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | oxa "ox" | |
in loanwords | [ks] | examen "exam" | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | |
y | everywhere except when acting as a vowel | [j] | yac "yak" | |
z | utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | alcaduz "bucket" | |
everywhere else | [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect) | dioza "beast" |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a, á | [ä] | gat "cat", sultán "sulta" | |
è | [ɛ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | Always stressed. |
e, é | [e] | mesa "table" | |
i, í | [i] | rig "king", fría "free (f.)" | |
o, ó | [o] | ora "hour, time", qüestón "question" | |
ò | [o] | òra "ear" | Always stressed. |
u | [u] | scura "windstorm", atún "tuna" |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
In rising diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | dioza "beast" | |
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | hua "what" | |
ü | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | qüestón "question" | |
y | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | [j] | ley "law" | Almost always word-final. |
u | ⟨u⟩ after a vowel | [w] | autobús "bus" |
Notes:
- ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.
Stress
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
- If there is any vowel with an accent, that vowel is stressed.
- If there is no vowel with an accent:
- The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
- The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
- Note that:
- Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
- iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
- The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent.
- Final -y shifts the stress to the final syllable.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Articles
Definite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | de, d' (before vowels) | des |
Feminine | da, d' (before a) | dos |
Notes:
- The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.
Indefinite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | èn | ènes |
Feminine | èna | ènos |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender | Independent | Clitic | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | Object | Reflexive Object | Possessive | Direct object | Reflexive DO | Indirect object | Reflexive IO | Possessive | ||||
1st | Singular | e | mi | min/mines, mina/minos | me, m'1 | mes | me(n)2/mes, ma(n)2/mos | |||||
Plural | Masculine | vos; vosandres | vostre/vostres, vostra/vostros | vos | – | |||||||
Feminine | vos; vosandros | |||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | tu | ti | tin/tines, tina/tinos | te, t'1 | tes | te(n)2/tes, ta(n)2/tos | ||||
Formal | Masculine | voste | si | sin/sines, sina/sinos | ne, n'1 | nes | se, s'1 | ses | se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos | |||
Feminine | na, n'3 | |||||||||||
Plural | Informal | Masculine | jes; jesandres | jestre/jestres, jestra/jestros | jes | – | ||||||
Feminine | jes; jesandros | |||||||||||
Formal | Masculine | vostes | si | sin/sines, sina/sinos | nes | nes | se, s'1 | ses | se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos | |||
Feminine | nos | |||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Masculine | es | ne, n'1 | ||||||||
Feminine | essa | na, n'3 | ||||||||||
Plural | Masculine | esses | nes | |||||||||
Feminine | essos | nos | ||||||||||
Impersonal | man | ne, n'1 |
Notes:
1 Preverbal before vowel.
2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel.
3 Preverbal before a.
Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).
Adverbial object pronouns
Nouns
Number
Singular nouns are pluralized with the ending -s (after a vowel) or -es (after a consonant).
Nouns ending in -a form their plural in -es (if masculine) or -os (if feminine) instead of the expected *-as.
Adjectives
Agreement
Adjectives usually end in a consonant, -e, or -o in the masculine singular. They generally form their feminine in -a, masculine plural in -es, and feminine plural in -os.
Adjectives ending in a stressed -o or -e do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, go "good" becomes goa in the feminine singular.
Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in -a form their feminine in -o and plural in -es (masculine) and -os (feminine).
Comparatives
The comparative of an adjective is formed by placing mès "more" or menns "less" before the adjective for positive and negative comparatives respectively.
Some adjectives have irregular comparatives. These include:
- go "good" → baiza, yossa "better"
- oble "bad" → versa "worse"
- mane "much, many" → mèza, maneza "more"
- fò "few, little" → mennza, foza "less, fewer"
- megle "big, great" → mèza "bigger, greater"
- ligle "small, little" → mennza "smaller"
- jong "young" → joza "younger"
- sene "old" → alza "older"
The superlative is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.
Absolute Superlatives
The absolute superlative is formed with the suffix -est. Alternatively, it can be formed by placing mèst "very much" before the adjective. The negative counterpart can be formed by placing mennst "hardly" before the adjective
Some adjectives have irregular absolute superlatives. These include:
- go "good" → baist, yost "very good"
- oble "bad" → verst "very bad"
- mane "much, many" → mèst, manest "very much, very many"
- fò "few, little" → mennst, fost "very few, very little"
- melle "big, great" → mèst "very big, very great"
- lille "small, little" → mennst "very small"
- jong "young" → jost "very young"
- sene "old" → alst "very old"
Adverbs
Derivation from adjectives
Adverbs are usually derived from adjectives by adding -o to the stem.
Some adverbs are irregular. These include:
- go "good" → vèla "well"
- mane "much, many"; melle "big, great" → felo "much, greatly, very"
Comparative and Superlative
Comparative, superlatives, and absolute superlatives of adverbs are formed analytically in the same way for adverbs as they are for adjectives.
Some adverbs have irregular comparatives/superlatives and absolute superlatives. These include:
- vèla "well" → bais, yos "better"; baist, yost "very well"
- oblo "badly" → vers "worse"; verst "very badly"
- mello "greatly, very" → mès "greater, more"; mèst "very greatly, very much"
- lillo "to a small extent" → menns "less"; mennst "to a very small extent, hardly"
Numerals
Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | zero | zeroda | — |
1 | èn, èna | fromesta | — |
2 | tues, tuos | tueda | halve |
3 | tris | terza | terz |
4 | fedro | fedroda | quart; fedrod |
5 | five | finta | fint |
6 | seis | sèsta | sèst |
7 | seven | sevenda | sevend |
8 | eito | eitoda | eitod |
9 | nion | nionda | niond |
10 | tèn | tènda | tènd |
11 | èlve | elveda | elved |
12 | tualve | tualveda | tualved |
13 | terden | terdenda | terdend |
14 | fedorden | fedordenda | fedordend |
15 | finten | fintenda | fintend |
16 | sesten | sestenda | sestend |
17 | sevenden | sevendenda | sevendend |
18 | eitoden | eitodenda | eitodend |
19 | nionden | niondenda | niondend |
20 | tuestes | tuestesta | tuestest |
21 | tuestes-èn(a) | tuestes-fromesta | tuestes-fromest |
30 | tristes | tristesta | tristest |
40 | fedortes | fedortesta | fedortest |
50 | fintes | fintesta | fintest |
60 | sèstes | sestesta | sestest |
70 | seventes | seventesta | seventest |
80 | eitotes | eitotesta | eitotest |
90 | niontes | niontesta | niontest |
100 | hond | honsta | honst |
200 | tues-hondes | tues-honsta | tues-honst |
1000 | tusende | tusensta | tusenst |
2000 | tuos-tusendes | tuos-tusensta | tuos-tusenst |
10⁶ | millón | millonsta | millonst |
2×10⁶ | tuos-millones | tuos-millonsta | tuos-millonst |
10⁹ | millard | millarsta | millarst |
10¹² | billón | billonsta | billonst |
Verbs
Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations
Non-finite forms
Form | -en verbs | -on verbs |
---|---|---|
Infinitive | -en | -on |
Past participle¹ | -ed/-edes, -eda/-edos | -od/-odes, -oda/-odos |
Present participle (Gerundive) | -end | -ond |
Notes:
¹ Verbs with regular pasts form their past participle in this way. Verbs with irregular pasts form their past participle in one of two ways:
- With the past stem, or
- With the ending -en-.
Simple tenses
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | -a | -o | -eda | -edo | -ené | -enía | |
2S | -es | -es | -edes | -edes | -enás | -eníes | -e |
3S | -e | -e | -eda | -ede | -ená | -enía | |
1P | -emos | -emos | -édemos | -édemos | -enemos | -eníemos | |
2P | -éis | -éis | -édeis | -édeis | -enéis | -eníeis | -ed |
3P | -en | -en | -éden | -éden | -enán | -eníen |
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | -o | -o | -oda | -odo | -oné | -onía | |
2S | -os | -os | -odes | -odes | -onás | -oníes | -o |
3S | -o | -o | -oda | -ode | -oná | -onía | |
1P | -omos | -omos | -ódemos | -ódemos | -onemos | -oníemos | |
2P | -óis | -óis | -ódeis | -ódeis | -onéis | -oníeis | -od |
3P | -on | -on | -oden | -oden | -onán | -oníen |
Compound tenses
Compound tenses are formed with the verb haven "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb.
- Non-finite forms:
- Perfect infinitive: haven + past participle
- Pluperfect participle: past participle of haven + past participle
- Perfect gerundive: gerundive of haven + past participle
- Indicative:
- Present perfect: present of haven + past participle
- Pluperfect: imperfect of haven + past participle
- Future perfect: future of haven + past participle
- Conditional perfect: conditional of haven + past participle
- Subjunctive:
- Perfect subjunctive: present subjunctive of haven + past participle
- Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of haven + past participle
- Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of haven + past participle
Passive
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of vesen "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle.
Irregular verbs
- Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected -ed-/-od- suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. -a, -es,... in the indicative and -o, -es,... in the subjunctive).
- Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived:
- If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a dental suffix (-t-, -d-, or -s-): The past participle is identical to the imperfect stem.
- If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a vowel change or otherwise formed without a dental suffix: The past participle is formed from the present stem with the suffix -en-.
- A few verbs may not follow the above pattern.
- Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem.
- Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between -è- and -e-, or -ò- and -o- (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed).
- Some verbs whose stem end in -c- or -g- maintain their spelling in all forms with the associated pronunciation changes. Others maintain their pronunciation in all forms with the associated spelling changes.
Some important irregular verbs
The verb vesen "to be"
Infinitive | vesen |
---|---|
Past participle | vesen/vésenes, vésena/vésenos |
Present participle (Gerundive) | vesend |
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | ben | sío | vesa | veso | verré | verría | |
2S | bes | síes | veses | veses | verrás | verríes | ves |
3S | es | síe | vesa | vese | verrá | verría | |
1P | semos | siemos | vésemos | vésemos | verremos | verrríemos | |
2P | seis | sieis | véseis | véseis | verréis | verríeis | vesed |
3P | sen | síen | vesen | vesen | verrán | verríen |
The verb haven "to have"
Infinitive | haven |
---|---|
Past participle | hed/hedes, heda/hedos |
Present participle (Gerundive) | hend |
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | he | havo | heda | hedo | hané | hanía | |
2S | has | haves | hedes | hedes | hanás | haníes | ha |
3S | ha | have | heda | hede | haná | hanía | |
1P | havemos | havemos | hédemos | hédemos | hanemos | haníemos | |
2P | havéis | havéis | hedeis | hedeis | hanéis | haníeis | haved |
3P | han | haven | heden | heden | hanán | haníen |
The verb están "to be"
Infinitive | están |
---|---|
Past participle | estod/estodes, estoda/estodos |
Present participle (Gerundive) | estand |
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | esté | estó | estoda | estodo | estané | estanía | |
2S | estás | estés | estodes | estodes | estanás | estaníes | está |
3S | está | esté | estoda | estode | estaná | estanía | |
1P | estamos | estemos | estódemos | estódemos | estanemos | estaníemos | |
2P | estáis | estéis | estodeis | estodeis | estanéis | estaníeis | estad |
3P | están | estén | estoden | estoden | estanán | estaníen |
The verb gannen "to go"
Infinitive | gannen |
---|---|
Past participle | gannen/gánnenes, gánnena/gánnenos |
Present participle (Gerundive) | gannend |
Person/ Number |
Present ind. | Present subj. | Imperfect ind. | Imperfect subj. | Future | Conditional | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | gue | ganno | eça | eço | gané | ganía | |
2S | gas | gannes | eçes | eçes | ganás | ganíes | ga |
3S | ga | ganne | eça | eçe | ganá | ganía | |
1P | gannemos | gannemos | éçemos | éçemos | ganemos | ganíemos | |
2P | gannéis | gannéis | eçeis | eçeis | ganéis | ganíeis | ganned |
3P | gan | gannen | eçen | eçen | ganán | ganíen |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Alles des vésenes manesques se boren fríes o sambres en vèrde o reites. Esses están scencedes me freça o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.
IPA: /ˈaʎes ðes ˈvezenes maˈneskes se ˈβoɾen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈvɛɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾesa o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/