Varangian

Varangian (Native: Verinskă /ˈverinskə/) is a North Germanic language that is part of the Balkan sprachbund.

Varangian
Verinskă tungă Веринскъ тунгъ
Pronunciation	[ˈverinskə ˈtuŋɡə]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Varangian
Early forms	Old Norse Old Varangian

Phonology

Orthography

Varangian orthography

Letter		IPA	Remarks
Latin	Cyrillic
A a	А а	a
Ă ă	Ъ ъ	ə
 â	Ы ы	ɨ	Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /a/.
B b	Б б	b, p¹
C c	Ц ц	ts, dz²
Č č	Ч ч	tʃ, dʒ²
D d	Д д	d, t¹
Ð ð	Ԁ ԁ	ð, θ¹
Dz dz	Ѕ ѕ	dz, ts¹
Dž dž	Џ џ	dʒ, tʃ¹
E e	Е е	e
F f	Ф ф	f, v³
G g	Г г	ɣ, ɡ, k¹, x¹	Pronounced /ɡ/ (devoiced: /k/) initially and after /ŋ/; /ɣ/ (devoiced: /x/) otherwise.
Gg gg	Ґ ґ	ɡ, k¹	Not used initially or after /ŋ/.
H h	Х х	x ~ h, ɣ²	/h/ can be used in free variation with /x/, but it is most often used word-initially before vowels.
I i	И и	i
Î î	Ы ы	ɨ	Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/.
J j	Й й (Ј ј)	j	Й and ј are considered variants of the same letter.
	Ь ь		After consonants except /l, n, r/.
K k	К к	k, ɡ²
L l	Л л	l	Can be syllabic.
Ľ ľ	Ль ль (Љ љ)	ʎ	Љ is a ligature of ль.
M m	М м	m
N n	Н н	n, ŋ	Pronounced /ŋ/ before velars; /n/ otherwise.
Ň ň	Нь нь (Њ њ)	ɲ	Њ is a ligature of нь.
O o	О о	o
P p	П п	p, b²
R r	Р р	r	Can be syllabic.
Ř ř	Рь рь	rʲ ~ r̝ ~ ɻ⁴	Рь may be written as a ligature which looks roughly like R with a loop on the right leg.
S s	С с	s, z³
Š š	Ш ш	ʃ, ʒ³
Št št	Шт шт (Щ щ)	ʃt, ʒd²	Щ is considered a ligature of the cluster шт.
T t	Т т	t, d²
Þ þ	Ѳ ѳ	θ, ð³
U u	У у	u
V v	В в	v, f¹
Z z	З з	z, s¹
Ž ž	Ж ж	ʒ, ʃ¹

Notes:

¹ Voiced obstruents are devoiced before voiceless consonants.

² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.

³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.

⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).

Morphophonology

The following phonological transformations occur in certain environments:

First palatalization

• t > c
• d > dz
• þ > s
• ð > z
• s > š
• z > ž
• k > č
• g (as /ɡ/) > dž
• g (as /ɣ/) > ž

Second palatalization

Includes all mutations under the first palatalization as well as:

• n > ň
• l > ľ
• r > ř

U-umlaut

• a > o
• ă, â > u

I-umlaut

• a > e
• ă, â, î > i
• After consonants: jo, ju > i
• After palatalized consonants: o > i
• Otherwise: o > e
• u > i

Disappearing -g-

• Some verbs have a stem-final -g- that appears in certain morphological environments and disappears in others.

Disappearing -j-, -v-, and palatalization

• Some consonant-final verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final -j- or -v- or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.

Dental past suffix

The dental past suffix varies between -t-, -d-, and -ð- depending on the context.

• -t- > after orthographic voiceless consonants, and after disappearing -g- (which is dropped in this environment)
• -d- > after nasals and l
• -ð- > otherwise

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Varangian personal pronouns

Number	Case	1st		2nd		3rd person
						Masc.		Fem.		Neut.		Refl.
Singular	Nom.	jek		þu		hân		hână		þat		—
	Acc.	mik	mă	sik	să	hân	hîn	hână	hîn	þat	hîn	šik	šă
	Gen.	mer		ser		hâns		hiňi		þes		šer
	Dat.	mer	mă	ser	să	hâns	hîn	hiňi	hîn	þes	hîn	šer	šă
	Poss. adj.	min		sin		—		—		—		šin
Plural	Nom.	ver		jer		þir		þer		þau		Same as singular.
	Acc.	os	ăs	iðr	îr	þir	þîr	þer	þîr	þau	þîr
	Gen.	os		iðr		þem		þem		þem
	Dat	os	ăs	iðr	îr	þem	þîm	þem	þîm	þem	þîm
	Poss. adj.	vor		iðr		—		—		—

Definite pronoun

Definite pronoun

Number	Case	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Singular	nom./acc.	in	ină	it
	gen./dat.	ins	iňi	inu
Plural	nom./acc.	iňir	inăr	in
	gen./dat.	inum

Demonstratives

Near demonstrative

Number	Case	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Singular	nom./acc.	ses	sesă	set
	gen./dat.	ses	seši	sesu
Plural	nom./acc.	sešir	sesăr	ses
	gen./dat.	sesum

Far demonstrative

Number	Case	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Singular	nom./acc.	þân	þo	þat
	gen./dat.	þes	þeři	þes
Plural	nom./acc.	þir	þer	þau
	gen./dat.	þem

Other pronouns

Relative/interrogative/indefinite pronoun

Number	Case	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Singular	nom./acc.	hver	hveřă	hvert
	gen./dat.	hvers	hveři	hveřu
Plural	nom./acc.	hveřir	hveřăr	hver
	gen./dat.	hveřum

ândr "other (one)"

Number	Case	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Singular	nom./acc.	ândr	ândră	ândrt/ândăt
	gen./dat.	ândrs	ândři	undru
Plural	nom./acc.	ândřir	ândrăr	undr
	gen./dat.	undrum

Nouns

• The citation form is the singular nominative
• Pluralization of regular masculine nouns:
  • Ending in consonant: add -ă.
  • Ending in -i: replace -i with -ă.
  • Ending in -ă: no change.
• Pluralization of regular feminine nouns:
  • Ending in consonant: add -ăr.
  • Ending in -i: replace -i with -ăr.
  • Ending in -u: add -r.
• Regular neuter nouns undergo u-umlaut in the plural. The only vowels affected are a, ă, and â.
  • a > o
  • ă, â > u
• Some nouns have a -j-, palatalization, or -v- that appears before endings beginning in a vowel but is dropped otherwise.
• A few nouns (known as consonant stems) have irregular plurals, mostly involving either i-umlaut or reversal of u-umlaut (i.e. singular has u-umlaut that is lost in plural). Some examples of common nouns with irregular plurals are listed below:
  • mând (M) > mindă
  • foðr (M) > feðră
  • moðr (F) > meðrăr
  • šistr (F) > šistrăr
  • broðr (M) > breðră
  • dotr (F) > detrăr
  • fot (M) > fetă
  • tund (F) > tindăr
  • not (F) > netăr
  • džov (F) > džavăr
  • corn (F) > carnăr
• Formation of genitive-dative:
  • Masculine and neuter consonant stems: The genitive-dative singular is identical to the nominative-accusative singular.
  • Other nouns: The genitive-dative singular is identical to the nominative-accusative plural.
  • The genitive-dative plural is always identical to the nominative-accusative plural.