Carrick: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 133: Line 133:
===Determiners===
===Determiners===
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender, number and case, and follow the same declension patterns as nouns. A-stem adjectives take the o-stem endings following a feminine noun (e.g. ''d
Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender, number and case, and follow the same declension patterns as nouns. A-stem adjectives take the o-stem endings following a feminine noun (e.g. ''dæni sini'' 'old men' but ''rægi sjano'' 'old women', ''hœðlo sjano'' 'old stories').


====Comparison====
Comparative adjectives are only used predicatively (not attributively) and decline only for number and gender, not case. They are formed with the following suffixes:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width="100px;" |  !! width="100px;" | Singular !! width="100px;" | Plural
|-
! Masc/Fem.
| ''-ju<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ja''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
|-
! Neut.
| ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
|-
|}
The following adjectives are compared irregularly:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width="150px;" | Positive !! width="100px;" | Comparative !! width="100px;" | Superlative
|-
! ''dah'' 'good'
| ''vjall'' || ''villjau''
|-
! ''druh'' 'bad'
| ''vaut'' || ''vaudau''
|-
! ''ljaðan'' 'wide'
| ''liðju'' || ''liðjau''
|-
! ''mor'' 'big'
| ''maju'' || ''mau''
|-
! ''seir'' 'long'
| ''siju'' || ''sijau''
|-
! ''ail'' 'high''
| ''ai'' || ''au''
|}


===Numerals===
===Numerals===

Revision as of 22:04, 11 October 2023

Carrick (Ck. Kærðiᵹa /kærðiɣa/) is a Brittonic Celtic language spoken by the mountain-dwelling Carthi (Ck. Kærði) on the archipelago of Inhi Oysir.

Phonology and Orthography

Carrick is written in the Latin alphabet:

a æ b d ð e f g ᵹ h i j k l m n o œ p r s t u v y
Mutations
Radical I-Mutation U-Mutation
Short Vowels
a æ (e) o
e i œ
i - y
o œ (e) -
u y -
Long Vowels
á ǽ ó
é í œ́
í - ý
ó œ́ -
ú ý -
Diphthongs
au ai ou
ei - ey
eu ey -
ou oy -
je ei jo
vo jo -

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns may be masculine, feminine or neuter and decline for 4 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) in the singular and plural. There are 8 stem classes (a-, o-, u-, i-, Ø-, s-, n-, r-), within which are a number of sub-classes.

Stems can be divided into a number of types:

  • short monosyllables (those with a short or long vowel)
  • long monosyllables (those with a diphthong)
  • polysyllables

A summary of the endings for monosyllables is given below.

A-Stems O-Stems U-Stems I-Stems Ø-Stems N-Stems S-Stems R-Stems
Masc. Neut. Fem. Masc/Fem. Neut. Masc. Neut. Fem. Masc/Fem. Neut. Masc/Fem. Neut. Neut. Masc/Fem.
Sg. Nom. ― -o ―U ―I -iI ― -uU ― ― -irI
Acc. ― ― ―U ―I ― -an ― ― -er
Gen. ―I -o -o -iI -joI ― -an -iI -iI -r'
Dat. -uU -e -o -iI -eI -iI -(e)ni -iI -riI
Pl. Nom. -iI -o -o -o -oU -iI -joI -iI ― -o -an -(a)no -joI -r
Acc. -uU -o -o -uU -oU -iI -joI -iI ― -o -(a)no -joI -ro
Gen. ― -on -uU -iI ―I ― -an -iI -r
Dat. -au -ou -uU -ifI -jou ― -amb -iðI -rif

Generally speaking, polysyllabic forms follow the same paradigms but do not undergo i- or u-mutation unless there is a following vowel (e.g. áratt "silver" (a, n.), g.sg. áratt but n.pl. árett). Polysyllabic forms are also liable to lose the final vowel of the stem when endings are added when the syllable is short and this may obstruct mutations from occurring (e.g. dafað (a, m.), g.sg. dafað but n.pl. dafði).

The vocalic stem classes include stems with either j or v in the stem (e.g. dan 'man', d.sg. dænju; mor 'ant', d.sg. morvi):

  • In -j- stems:
    • j occurs only before a, o, u
    • monosyllables undergo i-mutation throughout the paradigm, except in the n.sg. of masculine a-stems (e.g. dan 'man', a.sg. dæn but kærjo 'crime', a.sg. kær)
    • in polysyllables, the same is true but only pure vowels are affected (e.g. ...).
    • u-mutation is blocked
  • In -v- stems:
    • v shows only before i, e (except following certain vowels, e.g. ý 'yew tree', a.sg. ývu)
    • monosyllables undergo u-mutation everywhere except the n.sg. of masculine a-stems (e.g. kar 'deer', a.sg. kor)
    • polysyllables do not show u-mutation except where the v survives (e.g. ...)
    • i-mutation is not blocked.

The following nouns are irregular:

  • sovol 'sun' (Ø, n.), oblique stem seul-
  • keu 'hound' (N, m.), oblique stem kun-
  • bou 'cow' (Ø, f.), oblique stem ba(v)-
  • sœ́ur 'sister' (R, f.):
width="40px;" Singular Plural
Nom. soyur soyar
Acc. soyar soyro
Gen. soyr soyr
Dat. soyr seyrif

Determiners

Adjectives

Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender, number and case, and follow the same declension patterns as nouns. A-stem adjectives take the o-stem endings following a feminine noun (e.g. dæni sini 'old men' but rægi sjano 'old women', hœðlo sjano 'old stories').

Comparison

Comparative adjectives are only used predicatively (not attributively) and decline only for number and gender, not case. They are formed with the following suffixes:

Singular Plural
Masc/Fem. -juI -jaI
Neut. ―I -joI


The following adjectives are compared irregularly:

Positive Comparative Superlative
dah 'good' vjall villjau
druh 'bad' vaut vaudau
ljaðan 'wide' liðju liðjau
mor 'big' maju mau
seir 'long' siju sijau
ail 'high ai au

Numerals

Pronouns

Verbs

Adverbs

Prepositions

Syntax

Vocabulary

Nouns

  • dan 1m man, husband
  • vræᵹi 2f woman, wife
  • maf 1m son, boy
  • ginda 2f daughter, girl
  • boða 2f house
  • keu 4m dog (g.s. kun)
  • kada 2f cat
  • bau irr. f cow
  • dauð 1m sheep
  • mok 5f pig
  • gaur 1m, gaura 2f goat
  • prjann 1n tree
  • klæðif 1m sword
  • kolᵹa 2f short sword, dagger
  • gau 1m spear
  • skjauð 1m shield
  • ekeuða 2f shoe
  • rouga 2f tunic
  • brada 1m cloak
  • lauðr 1m trousers, hose
  • 'kry 5m shirt
  • vaᵹry 5m belt
  • barᵹ 1m bread
  • bleit 1m milk
  • kyrf 3n
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Carrick&oldid=327538"