Glommish/Old

Old Glommish (glummьska rarda; Modern Glommish aldglómьsk) is the most recent common ancestor of the Glommic languages, Glommish and Ufirlandisg. It is one of the classical Germanic languages of Lõis and is the most conservative subbranch of Germanic besides Teuthish — it has much less umlaut than Old English or Old Norse.

It evolved into Middle Glommish by ca. the 1200s.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m m	n n
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	t t		k c~k
	voiced	b b	d d		g ɟ~g
Fricative		f f~v	þ θ~ð	s s~z	h ç~x~h
Resonant		w ʋ	r r	l l	j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Glommish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

• -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
• kw, hw > p, f

Vowels

ō > ā; ā > back to ē

Old Glommish had the following vowels:

a ā e ē i ī o ȯ ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ y ь /a ɑː ɛ ɛː i iː ɔ o ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Morphology

Article

Definite article

case	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
nom.	sa	sá	that	thy	thá	thá
acc.	than	thá	that	tho	thár	thá
dat.	tham	thyre	tham	thym
gen.	thas	thyrar	thas	thyra

Nouns

o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wulfъ	wulfa
Accusative	wulfъ	wulfo
Genitive	wulfъs	wulfa
Dative	wulfe	wulfъm
Instrumental	wulfъ	wulfъm

o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Accusative	jukъ	juka
Genitive	jukъs	juka
Dative	juke	jukъm
Instrumental	jukъ	jukъm

eh2-stem: gefъ (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gefъ	gefa
Accusative	gefa	gefa
Genitive	gefa	gefa
Dative	gefe	gefam
Instrumental	gefъ	gefam

eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gēfa	gēfan
Accusative	gēfan	gēfan
Genitive	gēfan	gēfana
Dative	gēfan	gēfam
Instrumental	gēfan	gēfam

i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gastь	gasti
Genitive	gastьs	gastьja
Dative	gasti	gastьmъ

i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gastь	gasti
Genitive	gastьs	gastьja
Dative	gasti	gastьmъ

i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	marь	mari
Genitive	marьs	marьja
Dative	mari	marьmъ

u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sunъ	sunir
Genitive	sunor	sunьwa
Dative	suni	sunъmъ

C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burgь	burgir
Genitive	burgir	burga
Dative	burgi	burgъmъ

z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambъ	lambьra
Genitive	lambьrь	lambьra
Dative	lambьrь	lambьrъmъ

an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	auga	augana
Genitive	augьnь	augъna
Dative	augьnь	augъmmъ

n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	harpa	harpanь
Genitive	harpanь	harpana
Dative	harpanь	harpamъ

n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burþi	burþinь
Genitive	burþinь	burþina
Dative	burþinь	burþimъ

r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fader	fadrь
Genitive	fadъr	fadra
Dative	fadrь	fadrъmъ

Verbs

Weak

leufanъ 'to love'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	leufa	leufasь	leufaþь	leufamъ	leufaþ	leufanþь
present subjunctive	leufa	leufas	leufa	leufam	leufaþ	leufan
past	leufada	leufadest	leufade	leufadedъm	leufadedъd	leufadedъn
past subjunctive	leufadedi	leufadedir	leufadedi	leufadedim	leufadedid	leufadedin
imperative	-	leufa!	-	-	leufaþ!	-
present participle	leufand
past participle	leufadъ

hylinъ 'to heal'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	hylьja	hylisь	hyliþь	hylimъ	hyliþ	hylinþь
present subjunctive	hylьja	hylis	hyli	hylim	hyliþ	hylin
past	hylida	hylidest	hylide	hylidedъm	hylidedъd	hylidedъn
past subjunctive	hylidedi	hylidedir	hylidedi	hylidedim	hylidedid	hylidedin
imperative	-	hyli!	-	-	hyliþ!	-
present participle	hylind
past participle	hylidъ

Strong

wrītъnъ 'to write'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītьrь	wrītьdь	wrītъmъ	wrītьd	wrītъndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītyr	wrīty	wrītym	wrītyd	wrītyn
past	wryt	wryst	wryt	writъm	writъd	writъn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītъd!	-
present participle	wrītъnd
past participle	writъnъ

keusъnъ 'to choose'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	keusa	kiusьrь	kiusьþь	keusъmъ	kiusьd	keusъndь
present subjunctive	keusa	keusyr	keusy	keusym	keusyd	keusyn
past	kaus	kaust	kaus	kurъm	kurъd	kurъn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	keus!	-	-	kiusьd!	-
present participle	keusъnd
past participle	kurъnъ

bindъnъ 'to bind'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindьrь	bindьþь	bindъmъ	bindьd	bindъndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindyr	bindy	bindym	bindyd	bindyn
past I	band	banst	band	bundъm	bundъd	bundъn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindьd!	-
present participle	bindъnd
past participle	bundъnъ

Syntax

Constituent order

If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.

Schleicher

Skēpъ auk hrussy

Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, druhten, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flauh skēpъ þurh akrъ.