User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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Line 77: Line 77:
* m → m
* m → m
* n → n
* n → n
* '''ŋ → ñ'''
* '''ŋ → ŋ'''
* '''β → b'''
* '''β → b'''
* '''ɸ → f'''
* '''ɸ → f'''
* '''ð → d'''
* '''ð → d'''
* '''θ → x'''
* '''θ → þ'''
* '''ɣ → g'''
* '''ɣ → g'''
* h → h
* h → h
Line 92: Line 92:
* e → e
* e → e
* i → i
* i → i
* '''ɒ → ä'''
* '''ɒ → ø'''
* o → o
* o → o
* u → u
* u → u

Revision as of 15:45, 13 August 2015

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Spirant β ɸ ð θ ɣ h
Silibant s
Liquid Flap ɾ
Approx. l
Glide Approx. j w

Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɒ

Diphthongs

i u
a ai
e ei
ɒ ɒu
o ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω) Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι) Medial (μ) Nucleus (ν) Coda (κ)
  • Consonant
  • Semivowel
  • Liquid
  • Plosive
  • /s/
  • Vowel
  • Diphthong
  • Nasal
  • Liquid
  • Fricative
  • Liquid + fricative
  • Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

  • Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
  • Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda

Medial (μ)

  • Medials re optional
  • Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
  • /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
  • /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda

Nucleus (ν)

  • Nuclei are mandatory
  • Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

  • Codas are optional
  • Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
  • Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
  • Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

  • Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
[βp] → [bː]

  • Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
[ðn] → [dn]
[tɣ] → [tg]

  • A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

  • The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
[ehn] → [e̥n]

  • The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
  • The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

  • The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
[nj] → [ɲ]

  • The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
[sj] → [ʃ]

  • The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
[hj] → [ɧ]

  • The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
[hw] → [ʍ]

  • The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

  • The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
[∅j] → [ʝ]

  • The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
[∅w] → [ʋ]

Ortography

Romanization

  • t → t
  • k → k
  • m → m
  • n → n
  • ŋ → ŋ
  • β → b
  • ɸ → f
  • ð → d
  • θ → þ
  • ɣ → g
  • h → h
  • s → s
  • ɾ → r
  • l → l
  • j → j
  • w → w
  • a → a
  • e → e
  • i → i
  • ɒ → ø
  • o → o
  • u → u

Verbs

Dependency structure

Adverb Tense Modifier Verb
Root Aspect

Modifier

A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.

1s.nom 1s.gen home.loc from walk.impv → "I'm walking from my home"

Tense

Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.

Aspect

Muna has five aspect suffixes and one unmarked aspect:

Perfective
The perfective aspect indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence. The perfective aspect in muna can also act as gnomic depending on the sentence itself.
Imperfective
The imperfective is unmarked and indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
Ingressive
The ingressive aspect marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state (I'm beginning to eat, I'm starting to become fat).
Pausative
The pausative marks the stopping of an action without it being completed or carried out thoroughly (atelic construction), depending on context it can imply that the action will be finished in the future.
Resumptive
Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
Egressive
The egressive case marks the stopping of an action, but unlike the pausative, it implies the completion of the action (telic construction).

Mood

Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.

Nouns

Dependency structure

Genitive Determiner Quantifier Adjective Noun
Root Case Number

Case

Muna has six grammatical cases

  • Nominative
    -a, -e, -i, -ai, -ei
The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
  • Absolutive
    -ɒ, -o, -u, -ɒu, -ou
The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
  • Dative
    -ana, -ena, -ina, -aina, -eina
The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
  • Genitive
    -asi, -esi, -isi, -aisi, -eisi
The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
  • Locative
    -ɒro, -oro, -uro, -ɒuro, -ouro
The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
  • Instrumental
    -ɒle, -ole, -ule, -ɒule, -oule
The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out

Number

Muna distinguishes five different numbers, two for count nouns and three for mass nouns

Count nouns

  • Singular
    -∅
Single instance (pen)
  • Plural
    -r, -ar
Multiple instances (pens)

Mass nouns

  • Singulative
    -h, -ah
Single unit of the instance (a drop of water)
  • Mass
    -∅
Single instance (water)
  • Plurative
    -r, -ar
Multiple instances (waters)

Genders

  • Feminine
    -a, -ɒ, -ai, -ɒu
Words whose stem ends with an open vowel or a diphthong with one
  • Masculine
    -e, -o, -ei, -ou
Words whose stem ends with a mid vowel or a diphthong with one
  • Neuter
    -i, -u
Words whose stem ends with a close vowel

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive
Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Anti-Passive
Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Standard
Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Involuntary action
Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Assisted action
Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Interrogative
Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions

Current version is v2.8, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below