I Kronurum: Difference between revisions
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=GRAMMAR= | =GRAMMAR= | ||
In a nutshell: | |||
OSV | |||
N/A | |||
Pro-drop | |||
[...] | |||
==PHONOLOGY== | ==PHONOLOGY== | ||
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| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open''' | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Vowel allophony==== | |||
'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables. | |||
'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables. | |||
====Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut==== | ====Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut==== | ||
| Line 196: | Line 212: | ||
====Onset mutations==== | ====Onset mutations==== | ||
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation. | |||
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below. | |||
Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}} | |||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | |||
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade | |||
|- | |||
!0||1||2 | |||
|- | |||
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/ | |||
|- | |||
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ | |||
|- | |||
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/ | |||
|- | |||
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ | |||
|- | |||
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ | |||
|- | |||
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ | |||
|- | |||
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/ | |||
|- | |||
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/ | |||
|- | |||
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ | |||
|- | |||
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/ | |||
|- | |||
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ | |||
|- | |||
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ | |||
|} | |||
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing. | |||
===Other contextual phonological phenomena=== | |||
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those: | |||
'''·''' -ren-rin- → -relin- | |||
'''·''' jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/, ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/ | |||
'''·''' /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/ | |||
'''·''' -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/ | |||
===Syllable structure=== | ===Syllable structure=== | ||
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(N/R), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, ''N'', or a rhotic, ''R''. | |||
==MORPHOLOGY== | ==MORPHOLOGY== | ||
| Line 210: | Line 283: | ||
===Verbal morphology=== | ===Verbal morphology=== | ||
====Verb conjugation paradigms==== | ====Verb conjugation paradigms==== | ||
===== | ====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''===== | ||
===== | ====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''===== | ||
===== | ====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''===== | ||
===== | ====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''===== | ||
====Verbal aspect markers==== | ====Verbal aspect markers==== | ||
====Particles and affixes==== | ====Particles and affixes==== | ||
Revision as of 05:00, 28 September 2015
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| I Kronurum | |
|---|---|
| "that which is spoken" | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/] |
| Created by | Nicolás Straccia |
| Date | 2013 |
| Native to | Marks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and exclaves under their influence |
Northern Languages
| |
Early forms | Proto-Northern
|
The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].
Background
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).
The developmental stage presented in this article is Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat in the plains in the northern region of the central continent, constituting the main variety spoken in the region along the shores of the northern sea. The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which translates as "The land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks, which hold regular congress regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of their hold.
GRAMMAR
In a nutshell:
OSV
N/A
Pro-drop
[...]
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
Vowel inventory
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Vowel allophony
· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut
Other dypthongues
Consonants
Consonant inventory
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Fricative | (β) | f | θ ð | s | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
| Lateral fric. | (ɬ) | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
| Lateral app. | l |
Onset mutations
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}
| Mutation grade | ||
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| b- /b/~/β/ | p- /p/ | f- /f/ |
| d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ | þ- /θ/ |
| f- /f/ | p- /p/ | b- /b/~/β/ |
| h- /h/~/χ/ | k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
| j- /j/ | jw- /jʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ | h- /h/~/χ/ |
| l- /l/ | l- /l / | lh- /ɬ/ |
| m- /m/ | mw- /mʷ/ | w- /w/ |
| n- /n/ | nw- /nʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| s- /s/ | þ- /θ/ | ś- /ʃ/ |
| t- /t/ | d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ |
| w- /w/ | gw- /gʷ/ | ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ |
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
Other contextual phonological phenomena
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
· -ren-rin- → -relin-
· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
Syllable structure
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.
MORPHOLOGY
Nominal morphology
Declension particles and affixes
Plurals
Diminutives
Augmentatives
Superlatives
Personal pronouns
Adjectives
Comparative
Verbal morphology
Verb conjugation paradigms
i. -nur
ii. -tur
iii. -rur
iv. -jur
Verbal aspect markers
Particles and affixes
Marking hierarchy
Nouns
Verbs
Derivational morphology
Derivational particles and affixes
Discourse particles
Deictics
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
SYNTAX
LEXIKON
SAMPLES
Sentences
| ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen | |||||
| /ˈʔu̜ | ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ |
| ó(r) | {b>p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n | unda-rum-ór-(e)n | fara-rum-(e)n | ||
| gen | tree-det-and-gen | bird-det-and-gen | horse-det-gen | ||
| "of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale) | |||||