I Kronurum: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable | {| class="wikitable | ||
| colspan=6 | ''ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen'' | | colspan=6 | ‹''ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen''› | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ | | /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ó(r) || { | | ó(r) || {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}} | | {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}} | ||
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===Consonant theme=== | ===Consonant theme=== | ||
--> | --> | ||
==Other samples== | ==Other samples== | ||
Revision as of 04:44, 29 September 2015
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I Kronurum | |
---|---|
"that which is spoken" | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/] |
Created by | Nicolás Straccia |
Setting | Unnamed conworld |
Native to | The Marks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and some exclaves under their influence |
Northern Languages
| |
Early forms | Proto-Northern
|
The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].
Background
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat, which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Igódánafáreþ ("Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
Grammar
In a nutshell:
OSV
N/A
Pro-drop
[...]
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
Vowel inventory
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
Close | |||||
Near‑close | |||||
Close‑mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Open‑mid | |||||
Near‑open | |||||
Open |
Vowel allophony
· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
Umlaut and diphtongues by umlaut
Other diphtongues
Consonants
Consonant inventory
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
Fricative | (β) | f | θ ð | s | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
Lateral fric. | (ɬ) | |||||||
Approximant | w | j | ||||||
Lateral app. | l |
Onset mutations
Mutation grade | ||
---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 |
b- /b/~/β/ | p- /p/ | f- /f/ |
d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ | þ- /θ/ |
f- /f/ | p- /p/ | b- /b/~/β/ |
h- /h/~/χ/ | k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
j- /j/ | jw- /jʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ | h- /h/~/χ/ |
l- /l/ | l- /l / | lh- /ɬ/ |
m- /m/ | mw- /mʷ/ | w- /w/ |
n- /n/ | nw- /nʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
s- /s/ | þ- /θ/ | ś- /ʃ/ |
t- /t/ | d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ |
w- /w/ | gw- /gʷ/ | ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ |
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
Other contextual phonological phenomena
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
· -ren-rin- → -relin-
· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
Syllable structure
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.
MORPHOLOGY
Nominal morphology
Declension particles and affixes
Plurals
Grammatical gender | Plural form | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | umlaut+-n | {´}n | <´>-/n/ | <fara> → <fáran>, /ˈfɐi̯.ɾɐn/ = fara-{´}an |
umlaut+-an | {´}n | <´>-/ɐn/ | - | |
Inanimate | umlaut+-ran | {´}ran | <´>-/ɾɐn/ | <þane> → <þáneran>, /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ = þane-{´}ran |
umlaut+-eþ | {´}eþ | <´>-/eθ/ | <baga> → <bágeþ>, /ˈbai̯.geθ/ = baga-{´}eþ | |
Indefinite | umlaut+-aþ | aþ | -/ɐθ/ | - |
Diminutives
Augmentatives
Superlatives
Personal pronouns
Adjectives
Comparative
Verbal morphology
Verb conjugation paradigms
i. -nur
ii. -tur
iii. -rur
iv. -jur
Verbal aspect markers
Particles and affixes
Marking hierarchy
Nouns
The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
√noun | det | pl | and | nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all |
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is also preceded by a preposition.
Verbs
The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
-2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive voice marker | Aspect marker prefix | √verb | Conjugation affix for person, number and mood | Aspect marker suffix |
Derivational morphology
Derivational particles and affixes
Discourse particles
Deictics
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
Syntax
Word order per sentence type
Sentence type | Word order | Marking | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Declarative sentences | Active sentences | Intransitive verbs | SV | nom-v | - |
Monotransitive verbs | OSV | acc-nom-v | - | ||
Ditransitive verbs | OTSV | acc-dat-nom-v | - | ||
Passive sentences | SOV | nom-acc-pvm-v | - | ||
Questions | - | - | Focus fronting | ||
Imperative sentences | OVS | acc-v-nom+det | - |
Lexicon
Citation forms:
· Nouns: nominative singular;
· Verbs: first person singular present active.
Orthography
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script.
Orthographies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consonants | ||||
IPA value | Latin letter | Gothic letter | Native orthography | Notes |
p | p | - | - | - |
b | b | - | - | - |
t | t | - | - | - |
d | d | - | - | - |
k | k | - | - | - |
g | g | - | - | - |
m | m | - | - | - |
n | n | - | - | - |
ɲ | ñ, ń, nj | - | - | - |
r | ŕ, rr | - | - | - |
ɾ | r | - | - | - |
f | f | - | - | - |
θ | þ | - | - | - |
ð | ð | - | - | - |
s | s | - | - | - |
ʃ | ś | - | - | - |
h | h | - | - | - |
w | w | - | - | - |
j | j | - | - | - |
l | l | - | - | - |
ɬ | lh | - | - | - |
Vowels | ||||
ɑ | a, å | - | - | The graphy ‹å› is used for the causative marker caus ‹-a-› to be pronounced as /ɑ/, which happens in a position in which ‹a› would be realized either as /a/ or /ɐ/ |
i | i | - | - | - |
e̞ | e | - | - | - |
o̞ | o | - | - | - |
u | u | - | - | - |
u̹ | ó | - | - | From an early long o vowel; AIK and OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/ |
Samples
Sentences
‹ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen› | |||||
/ˈʔu̜ | ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ |
ó(r) | {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n | unda-rum-ór-(e)n | fara-rum-(e)n | ||
gen | tree-det-and-gen | bird-det-and-gen | horse-det-gen | ||
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale) |
Other samples
I Kronurum has also taken part in the Fourth Linguifex Relay.