Akhyan

Orthography

The consonant system of Akhyan is characterised by its resemblance as the same consonant system of Sanskrit, with slight deviations. Akhyan has eliminated voiced aspirated consonants, having assimilated to a fricative or deaspirated. Akhyan has a three way contrast of plosives and affricates, including aspirated and unaspirated pairs. The language also features a three-way contrast between sibilants, such as palatal, retroflex, & alveolar. Akhyan uses the Mon-Burmese script.

Consonants

Non-Sibilants		Labial				Dental				Velar
		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script
Nasal		m	m	မ		n	n	န		ŋ	q	င
Plosive	Tenuis	p	p	ပ		t	t	တ		k	k	က
	Aspirated	pʰ	ph	ဖ		tʰ	th	ထ		kʰ	kh	ခ
	Voiced	b	b	ဗ		d	d	ဒ		g	g	ဂ
Fricative	Tenuis	f	f	ၾ						h	x	ဟ
	Voiced	v	v	ဘ						ʔ	' (medial)	အ
Approximant		w	w	ဝ		l	l	လ

Sibilants		Alveolar				Retroflex				Palatal
		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script
Plosive	Tenuis	t͡s	c	ၸ		t͡ʂ	ç	ဋ		t͡ɕ	ć	စ
	Aspirated	t͡sʰ	ch	ႀ		t͡ʂʰ	çh	ဌ		t͡ɕʰ	ćh	ဆ
	Voiced	d͡z	ð	ၻ		d͡ʐ	ł	ဍ		d͡ʑ	j	ၺ
Fricative	Tenuis	s	s	သ		ʂ	ş	ၑ		ɕ	ś	ၔ
	Voiced	z	z	ဓ		ʐ	ż	ၓ		ʑ	ź	ည
Approximant		ɹ	r	ရ						j	y	ယ

Vowels

	Front								Back
	Flat				Round				Flat				Round
	IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script
Close	i	i	ကိ ိ		y	ü	ကၳ ၳ		ɨ	iu	ကၖ ၖ		u	u	ကု ု
Middle	e	e	ကဲ ဲ		ø	ö	ကၲ ၲ		ə	eo	ကါ ါ		o	o	ကး း
Open	ɛ	ai	ကေ ေ		œ	ä	ကႄ ႄ		ɐ	a	က		ɔ	au	ကီ ီ

Vowel Diacritics
ိ	ၳ	ၖ	ု
ဲ	ၲ	ါ	း
ေ	ႄ		ီ

Nullification Diacritics
်	္

Although both Virama (္) and Asat (်) delete the inherent vowel, they serve distinct functions. Asat (်), as in က်, marks syllable boundaries, while Virama (္), as in က္, forms consonant clusters. Special forms also emerge when ယ, ဝ, and ရ are combined with a consonant and the virama, resulting in ကျ, ကွ, and ကြ, respectively.

Morphology

Nouns & Adjectives

Akhyan features a system of noun and adjective declension that operates across two grammatical numbers and eight cases, treating both parts of speech with similar morphological rules—so much so that adjectives can conveniently be analysed alongside nouns.

1	Numbers	Singular & Plural
2	Cases	Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental

Akhyan’s declension paradigm is surprisingly streamlined, consisting of only three distinct declension patterns. The general classification is:

• Akranta အကြန်တ (-a stems)
• Zeokçho ဓါက်ဌး (-o stems)
• Mitaveş မိတဘဲၑ် (Consonant stems)

According to the Rasthani ရသ်ထနိ, the manuscript identified 8 cases which is defined in the book as "Fayaqö" ၾယငႄ. The eight fayaqö are the intransitive, ergative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases.

• Łiunaing ဍၖနေင် Intransitive Case
• Kaothiv ကဝ်ထိဘ Ergative Case
• Penubo ပဲနုဗး Accusative Case
• Nauthang နီထင် Genitive Case
• Seomar သါမရ် Dative Case
• Baćhi ဗဆိ Ablative Case
• Xallei ဟလ်လဲယ် Locative Case
• Reftou ရဲၾ်တးဝ် Instrumental Case

Akranta (a-stems) Example: Koşçha ကးသ်ထ "Storeroom"

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-a -အ	-e -အဲ	Koşçha ကးၑ်ဌ	Koşçhe ကးၑ်ဌဲ
Ergative	-ane -အနဲ	-ene -အဲနဲ	Koşçhane ကးၑ်ဌနဲ	Koşçhene ကးၑ်ဌဲနဲ
Accusative	-am -အမ်	-as -အသ်	Koşçham ကးၑ်ဌမ်	Koşçhas ကးၑ်ဌသ်
Genitive	-arum -အရုမ်	-os -အးသ်	Koşçharum ကးၑ်ဌရုမ်	Koşçhos ကးၑ်ဌးသ်
Dative	-avya -အဘျ	-anya -အနျ	Koşçhavya ကးၑ်ဌဘျ	Koşçhanya ကးၑ်ဌနျ
Ablative	-aya -အယ	-aye -အယဲ	Koşçhaya ကးၑ်ဌယ	Koşçhaye ကးၑ်ဌယဲ
Locative	-i -အိ	-evya -အဲဘျ	Koşçhi ကးၑ်ဌိ	Koşçhevya ကးၑ်ဌဲဘျ
Instrumental	-avi -အဘိ	-avis -အဘိသ်	Koşçhavi ကးၑ်ဌဘိ	Koşçhavis ကးၑ်ဌဘိသ်

Zeokçho (o-stems) Example: Nintalpo "Bed"

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-o -အး	-ai -အေ	Nintalpo နိန်တလ်ပး	Nintalpai နိန်တလ်ပေ
Ergative	-one -အးနဲ	-ones -အးနဲသ်	Nintalpone နိန်တလ်ပးနဲ	Nintalpones နိန်တလ်ပးနဲသ်
Accusative	-um -အုမ်	-ovas -အးဘသ်	Nintalpum နိန်တလ်ပုမ်	Nintalpovas နိန်တလ်ပးဘသ်
Genitive	-una -အုန	-unas -အုနသ်	Nintalpuna နိန်တလ်ပုန	Nintalpunas နိန်တလ်ပုနသ်
Dative	-us -အုသ်	-os -အးသ်	Nintalpus နိန်တလ်ပုသ်	Nintalpos နိန်တလ်ပးသ်
Ablative	-au -အီ	-om -အးမ်	Nintalpau နိန်တလ်ပီ	Nintalpom နိန်တလ်ပးမ်
Locative	-i -အိ	-evya -အဲဘျ	Nintalpi နိန်တလ်ပိ	Nintalpevya နိန်တလ်ပဲဘျ
Instrumental	-aun -အီန်	-aus -အီသ်	Nintalpaun နိန်တလ်ပီန်	Nintalpaus နိန်တလ်ပသ်ီ

Mitaveş (Consonant stems)

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-X	-es -အဲသ်
Ergative	-ne -နဲ	-nes -နဲသ်
Accusative	-em -အဲမ်	-ya -ယ
Genitive	-ae -အယ်	-yum -ယုမ်
Dative	-ye -ယဲ	-we -ဝဲ
Ablative	-i -အိ	-u -အု
Locative	-e -အဲ	-o -အး
Instrumental	-ai -အေ	-au -အီ