Akhyan

Orthography

The consonant system of Akhyan is characterised by its resemblance as the same consonant system of Sanskrit, with slight deviations. Akhyan has eliminated voiced aspirated consonants, having assimilated to a fricative or deaspirated. Akhyan has a three way contrast of plosives and affricates, including aspirated and unaspirated pairs. The language also features a three-way contrast between sibilants, such as palatal, retroflex, & alveolar. Akhyan uses the Mon-Burmese script.

Consonants

Non-Sibilants		Labial				Dental				Velar
		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script
Nasal		m	m	မ		n	n	န		ŋ	q	င
Plosive	Tenuis	p	p	ပ		t	t	တ		k	k	က
	Aspirated	pʰ	ph	ဖ		tʰ	th	ထ		kʰ	kh	ခ
	Voiced	b	b	ဗ		d	d	ဒ		g	g	ဂ
Fricative	Tenuis	f	f	ၾ						h	x	ဟ
	Voiced	v	v	ဘ						ʔ	' (medial)	အ
Approximant		w	w	ဝ		l	l	လ

Sibilants		Alveolar				Retroflex				Palatal
		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script		IPA	Romanisation	script
Plosive	Tenuis	t͡s	c	ၸ		t͡ʂ	ç	ဋ		t͡ɕ	ć	စ
	Aspirated	t͡sʰ	ch	ႀ		t͡ʂʰ	çh	ဌ		t͡ɕʰ	ćh	ဆ
	Voiced	d͡z	ð	ၻ		d͡ʐ	ł	ဍ		d͡ʑ	j	ၺ
Fricative	Tenuis	s	s	သ		ʂ	ş	ၑ		ɕ	ś	ၔ
	Voiced	z	z	ဓ		ʐ	ż	ၓ		ʑ	ź	ည
Approximant		ɹ	r	ရ						j	y	ယ

Vowels

	Front								Back
	Flat				Round				Flat				Round
	IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script		IPA	Romanisation	Script
Close	i	i	ကိ ိ		y	ü	ကၳ ၳ		ɨ	iu	ကၖ ၖ		u	u	ကု ု
Middle	e	e	ကဲ ဲ		ø	ö	ကၲ ၲ		ə	eo	ကါ ါ		o	o	ကး း
Open	ɛ	ai	ကေ ေ		œ	ä	ကႄ ႄ		ɐ	a	က		ɔ	au	ကီ ီ

Vowel Diacritics
ိ	ၳ	ၖ	ု
ဲ	ၲ	ါ	း
ေ	ႄ		ီ

Nullification Diacritics
်	္

Although both Virama (္) and Asat (်) delete the inherent vowel, they serve distinct functions. Asat (်), as in က်, marks syllable boundaries, while Virama (္), as in က္, forms consonant clusters. Special forms also emerge when ယ, ဝ, and ရ are combined with a consonant and the virama, resulting in ကျ, ကွ, and ကြ, respectively.

Nouns & Adjectives

Akhyan features a system of noun and adjective declension that operates across two grammatical numbers and eight cases, treating both parts of speech with similar morphological rules—so much so that adjectives can conveniently be analysed alongside nouns. With respect to their intended use in the sentence, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives alter their endings. Different 'cases' are the terms used to describe the various endings.

1	Numbers	Singular & Plural
2	Cases	Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental

Akhyan’s declension paradigm is surprisingly streamlined, consisting of only three distinct declension patterns. The general classification is:

• Akranta အကြန်တ (-a stems)
• Zeokçho ဓါက်ဌး (-o stems)
• Mitaveş မိတဘဲၑ် (Consonant stems)

According to the Rasthani ရသ်ထနိ, the manuscript identified 8 cases which is defined in the book as "Fyaqä" ၾျငႄ. The eight fyaqä (cases) are the intransitive, ergative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases.

• Łiunaing ဍၖနေင် Intransitive Case
• Kaothiv ကဝ်ထိဘ Ergative Case
• Penubo ပဲနုဗး Accusative Case
• Nauthang နီထင် Genitive Case
• Seomar သါမရ် Dative Case
• Baćhi ဗဆိ Ablative Case
• Xallei ဟလ်လဲယ် Locative Case
• Reftou ရဲၾ်တးဝ် Instrumental Case

Akranta (a-stems) Example: Koşçha ကးသ်ထ "Storeroom"

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-a -အ	-e -အဲ	Koşçha ကးၑ်ဌ	Koşçhe ကးၑ်ဌဲ
Ergative	-ane -အနဲ	-ene -အဲနဲ	Koşçhane ကးၑ်ဌနဲ	Koşçhene ကးၑ်ဌဲနဲ
Accusative	-am -အမ်	-as -အသ်	Koşçham ကးၑ်ဌမ်	Koşçhas ကးၑ်ဌသ်
Genitive	-arum -အရုမ်	-os -အးသ်	Koşçharum ကးၑ်ဌရုမ်	Koşçhos ကးၑ်ဌးသ်
Dative	-avya -အဘျ	-anya -အနျ	Koşçhavya ကးၑ်ဌဘျ	Koşçhanya ကးၑ်ဌနျ
Ablative	-aya -အယ	-aye -အယဲ	Koşçhaya ကးၑ်ဌယ	Koşçhaye ကးၑ်ဌယဲ
Locative	-i -အိ	-evya -အဲဘျ	Koşçhi ကးၑ်ဌိ	Koşçhevya ကးၑ်ဌဲဘျ
Instrumental	-avi -အဘိ	-avis -အဘိသ်	Koşçhavi ကးၑ်ဌဘိ	Koşçhavis ကးၑ်ဌဘိသ်

Zeokçho (o-stems) Example: Nintalpo နိန်တလ်ပး "Bed"

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-o -အး	-ai -အေ	Nintalpo နိန်တလ်ပး	Nintalpai နိန်တလ်ပေ
Ergative	-one -အးနဲ	-ones -အးနဲသ်	Nintalpone နိန်တလ်ပးနဲ	Nintalpones နိန်တလ်ပးနဲသ်
Accusative	-um -အုမ်	-ovas -အးဘသ်	Nintalpum နိန်တလ်ပုမ်	Nintalpovas နိန်တလ်ပးဘသ်
Genitive	-una -အုန	-unas -အုနသ်	Nintalpuna နိန်တလ်ပုန	Nintalpunas နိန်တလ်ပုနသ်
Dative	-us -အုသ်	-os -အးသ်	Nintalpus နိန်တလ်ပုသ်	Nintalpos နိန်တလ်ပးသ်
Ablative	-au -အီ	-om -အးမ်	Nintalpau နိန်တလ်ပီ	Nintalpom နိန်တလ်ပးမ်
Locative	-i -အိ	-evya -အဲဘျ	Nintalpi နိန်တလ်ပိ	Nintalpevya နိန်တလ်ပဲဘျ
Instrumental	-aun -အီန်	-aus -အီသ်	Nintalpaun နိန်တလ်ပီန်	Nintalpaus နိန်တလ်ပီသ်

Mitaveş (Consonant stems) Example: Dazkhät ဒဓ်ခႄတ် "Cotton"

Case	Layout		Example
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Intransitive	-X	-es -အဲသ်	Dazkhät ဒဓ်ခႄတ်	Dazkhätes ဒဓ်ခႄတဲသ်
Ergative	-ne -နဲ	-nes -နဲသ်	Dazkhätne ဒဓ်ခႄတ်နဲ	Dazkhätnes ဒဓ်ခႄတ်နဲသ်
Accusative	-em -အဲမ်	-ya -ယ	Dazkhätem ဒဓ်ခႄတဲမ်	Dazkhätya ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယ
Genitive	-ae -အယ်	-yum -ယုမ်	Dazkhätae ဒဓ်ခႄတယ်	Dazkhätyum ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယုမ်
Dative	-ye -ယဲ	-we -ဝဲ	Dazkhätye ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယဲ	Dazkhätwe ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ဝဲ
Ablative	-i -အိ	-u -အု	Dazkhäti ဒဓ်ခႄတိ	Dazkhätu ဒဓ်ခႄတု
Locative	-e -အဲ	-o -အး	Dazkhäte ဒဓ်ခႄတဲ	Dazkhäto ဒဓ်ခႄတး
Instrumental	-ai -အေ	-au -အီ	Dazkhätai ဒဓ်ခႄတေ	Dazkhätau ဒဓ်ခႄတီ

Verbs

Akhyan verbs exhibit a highly dynamic conjugation system that forms a core component of Akhyan's grammar. Verbs are notable for their morphological complexity, undergoing a wide range of conjugations based on specific grammatical attributes. Each verb root adapts to reflect these features, enabling to convey subtle distinctions in action, state, and the relationships between subject, object, and predicate.

Verbs in Akhyan are classified into three primary categories according to transitivity: Transitive (Kerraż | ကဲရ်ရၓ်), Intransitive (Padaizma | ပဒေဓ်မ), and Ambitransitive (Dosthu | ဒးသ်ထု). Transitive verbs, such as Girtan (ဂိရ်တန် “to carry”), require a direct object to complete their meaning. In contrast, intransitive verbs like Naman (နမန် “to sleep”) function independently of an object. Ambitransitive verbs demonstrate greater flexibility, operating as either transitive or intransitive depending on syntactic context.

Building Verbs

Verbs are fundamentally composed of a root, conventionally represented by the mathematical symbol √. This root serves as the base form from which various grammatical features such as tense, person, number, mood, and voice, where they are all derived through morphological modification. For example, the root √girt- (or √ဂိရ္တ်-) functions as the base for the verb Girtan (ဂိရ်တန်), meaning “to carry.” Some modifications are simple, meanwhile others can be complex & even incorporate two modification methods together.

Non-Finite Forms

Non-finite forms of verbs do not express tense, person, or number, and therefore cannot function as the main verb of an independent clause. The non-finite verb system encompasses imperatives, infinitives, gerunds, and participles.

Infinitives

Infinitives are formed through affixing -an -အန် into a verb root. For example, the infinitive of a verb root √niut- √နၖတ်- "to dance" is Niutan နၖတန်. Imperatives can be formed through removing the န် from a verb in the infinitive, leaving only the verb root without the asat. To illustrate, the န် is omitted from the verb Niutan နၖတန်, leaving Niuta နၖတ as the imperative. This process is regular and applies to all verbs

Participles

Participles are non-finite verbal forms that function adjectivally. Although they originate from verb roots, they exhibit syntactic and semantic properties characteristic of adjectives. In Akhyan, participles are attested in both the active and passive voices, and they occur across four tenses: present, perfect, aorist, and future.

The imperative stem, derived from the infinitive form by omitting the final -n (-န်), serves as the foundational base for constructing several participial forms, most notably the aorist & future participles. In contrast, the present & perfect participles are formed directly from the verb root itself. The range of resulting participial forms is illustrated below by the word Thiźan ထိညန် "to tell" (root: √ထိည်-)

	Layout		Example
	Active	Passive	Active	Passive
Present	-ens -အဲန္သ်	-onc -အးန္ၸ	Thiźens ထိညဲန္သ်	Thiźonc ထိညးန္ၸ
Aorist		-tyo -တျး		Thiźatyo ထိညတျး
Perfect	-yana -ယန		Thiźyana ထိည်ယန
Future	-śya -ၔျ	-ndo -န်ဒး	Thiźaśya ထိညၔျ	Thiźando ထိညန်ဒး

Syntax

Verb phrase

Infinitive constructions are commonly employed to express the purpose of an action, frequently serving as a more concise alternative to the phrase “in order to.” In such contexts, the infinitive functions adverbially, modifying the main verb by indicating intention or goal. However, this usage presupposes that the subject of the infinitive is identical to that of the main clause. When the subjects differ, the infinitive is typically replaced by a subordinate clause in the subjunctive mood.

Just like how infinitives can add extra information about verbs, they can also modify the meanings of nouns. In this case, they act as adjectives and adjective phrases.