Ludovian: Difference between revisions

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'''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[Help:IPA|[ludoˈvin]]]), historically also called '''Ludovin''' or '''Ludovic''', is a [[w:Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] language spoken by the Ludovians native to the Kingdom of Ludovia (Ludovian: ''Rià Ludovina''). Ludovian developed as a distinct language from [[w:Old Gallo-Romance language|Old Gallo-Romance]] after the establishment of the Kingdom of Ludovia by King Ludovic I, where it developed into Old Ludovic and eventually modern Ludovian.

'''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[Help:IPA|[ludoˈvin]]]), historically also called '''Ludovin''' or '''Ludovic''', is a [[w:Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] language spoken by the Ludovians native to the Kingdom of Ludovia (Ludovian: ''Rià Ludovina''). Ludovian developed as a distinct language from [[w:Old Gallo-Romance language|Old Gallo-Romance]] after the establishment of the Kingdom of Ludovia by King Ludovic I, where it developed into Old Ludovic and eventually modern Ludovian. Like most Romance languages, it is an inflected fusional language with a masculine-feminine gender distinction, although unlike other Romance languages it incorporates the noun agglutination typical of [[w:German language|German]], frequently calquing German words, such as ''[[Contionary:tetlingùa|tetlingùa]]'', a calque of ''[[w:Dachsprache|Dachsprache]]'', or ''[[Contionary:manubute|manubute]]'', a calque of ''[[wikt:Handschuh|Handschuh]]''.

There are currently around 450,000 speakers of Ludovian; most live in the eponymous Kingdom of Ludovia, where it is the official language. It is also one of 25 official languages of the [[w:European Union|EU]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar

|-

! Nasal

| m || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Help:IPA|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || n || ɲ || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Help:IPA|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>

|-

! Stop

| p {{allo|b}} || {{allo|p̪}} {{allo|b̪}} || t d || || k {{allo|g}}

|-

! Fricative

| || f v || s z || ʃ ʒ ||

|-

! Tap

| || || ɾ || ||

|-

! Lateral

| || || l || ʎ ||

|-

! Semivowel

| {{allo|w}} || || || j ||

|}

Ludovian features a phonology that is typologically rather unique among Western Romance languages.

* [b g] are allophones of voiceless /p k/ between vowels; however, ⟨b g⟩ still appear etymologically, such as in ''bon'' "good (masc.)" or ''guda'' "taste", which are pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ˈpon]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈkuda]]] respectively.

* [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[Help:IPA|[b̪uˈlɑ]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈp̪uma]]]. Before /i/, and in all other positions, /f v/ are pronounced [f v]. [ɱ], like in most languages, is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/.

* [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/.

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Front !! Back

|-

! Close

| i || u

|-

! Mid

| e || o

|-

! Open

| a || ɑ

|}

* /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively.

* /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[Help:IPA|[puˈɑ]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈpua]]] respectively. As such, as verb endings are always stressed, /ɑ/ is also typically stressed.

[[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]]

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-'''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[Help:IPA|[ludoˈvin]]]), historically also called '''Ludovin''' or '''Ludovic''', is a [[w:Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] language spoken by the Ludovians native to the Kingdom of Ludovia (Ludovian: ''Rià Ludovina''). Ludovian developed as a distinct language from [[w:Old Gallo-Romance language|Old Gallo-Romance]] after the establishment of the Kingdom of Ludovia by King Ludovic I, where it developed into Old Ludovic and eventually modern Ludovian.
+'''Ludovian''' (''ludovin'', ''lingùa ludovina'' [[Help:IPA|[ludoˈvin]]]), historically also called '''Ludovin''' or '''Ludovic''', is a [[w:Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] language spoken by the Ludovians native to the Kingdom of Ludovia (Ludovian: ''Rià Ludovina''). Ludovian developed as a distinct language from [[w:Old Gallo-Romance language|Old Gallo-Romance]] after the establishment of the Kingdom of Ludovia by King Ludovic I, where it developed into Old Ludovic and eventually modern Ludovian. Like most Romance languages, it is an inflected fusional language with a masculine-feminine gender distinction, although unlike other Romance languages it incorporates the noun agglutination typical of [[w:German language|German]], frequently calquing German words, such as ''[[Contionary:tetlingùa|tetlingùa]]'', a calque of ''[[w:Dachsprache|Dachsprache]]'', or ''[[Contionary:manubute|manubute]]'', a calque of ''[[wikt:Handschuh|Handschuh]]''.
+There are currently around 450,000 speakers of Ludovian; most live in the eponymous Kingdom of Ludovia, where it is the official language. It is also one of 25 official languages of the [[w:European Union|EU]].
+==Phonology==
+===Consonants===
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
+|-
+! Nasal
+| m || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Help:IPA|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || n || ɲ || <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Help:IPA|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
+|-
+! Stop
+| p {{allo|b}} || {{allo|p̪}} {{allo|b̪}} || t d || || k {{allo|g}}
+|-
+! Fricative
+| || f v || s z || ʃ ʒ ||
+|-
+! Tap
+| || || ɾ || ||
+|-
+! Lateral
+| || || l || ʎ ||
+|-
+! Semivowel
+| {{allo|w}} || || || j ||
+|}
+Ludovian features a phonology that is typologically rather unique among Western Romance languages.
+* [b g] are allophones of voiceless /p k/ between vowels; however, ⟨b g⟩ still appear etymologically, such as in ''bon'' "good (masc.)" or ''guda'' "taste", which are pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ˈpon]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈkuda]]] respectively.
+* [p̪ b̪] are allophones of /f v/ in word-initial, syllable-initial positions except before /i/, such as in ''vular'' "to want" or ''fuma'' "smoke", pronounced [[Help:IPA|[b̪uˈlɑ]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈp̪uma]]]. Before /i/, and in all other positions, /f v/ are pronounced [f v]. [ɱ], like in most languages, is an allophone of /m/ before /f v/.
+* [ŋ] is only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /k/.
+===Vowels===
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Front !! Back
+|-
+! Close
+| i || u
+|-
+! Mid
+| e || o
+|-
+! Open
+| a || ɑ
+|}
+* /e o/ are pronounced mid [e̞ o̞] in Standard Ludovian; however, in practise, they are in free variation with /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ respectively.
+* /ɑ/ is phonemically distinctive with /a/, and typically appears in ''-ar'' verb endings, such as ''bua'' "he/she/it drinks" and ''bùa'' "bog", pronounced [[Help:IPA|[puˈɑ]]] and [[Help:IPA|[ˈpua]]] respectively. As such, as verb endings are always stressed, /ɑ/ is also typically stressed.
 [[Category:Ludovic]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]]