Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Wiebermüđel
Pronunciation	/ˈviːbɐˌmyːɡ!əl/
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C.
Language family	Quihum Pfeunic Wiebic Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

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Ancient Wiebian is one of the major ancient Quihum languages, alongside Naquian, Boot Polish and Thensarian. It is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.

Todo

• PQ qʼsápiʔ > AW kräbe?

Background

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature is the oldest attested form of Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.

Notes on notation

• ⁱ - denotes i-umlaut of the root.

Orthography

See also: Wiebian/Script.

The native Wiebian orthography is a cipher of the German orthography; the letters and orthographical rules are mostly isomorphic to that of Standard German, but with the addition of two letters ⟨ŧ⟩ /!/ and ⟨đ⟩ /g!/.

Phonology

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German. Ancient Wiebian also had two clicks ŧ /ǃ/ and đ /ɡǃ/ which patterned similarly to t and d.

Voiceless plosives are aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) occurs as in German or Dutch.

Proto-Wiebian

Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).

Early Ancient Wiebian

In this article Early Ancient Wiebian is represented using the Middle High German orthography used in standardized texts.

Consonants

Early Ancient Wiebian has the following consonants:

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature consonants

		Labial	Lamino-dental	Apico-alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/	đ [ŋǃ]		ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t̪/		ŧ /ǃ/		k /k/	/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d̪/		đ /ɡǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f/	ʒ /s̻/	s /s̺/	sch /ɧ/		ch /x/	h /h/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts̻/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		w /w/		l /l/		j /j/

Vowels

In Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	î /iː/	ü /y/	iu /yː/			u /u/	û /uː/
Close-mid	ë /e/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ê /ɛː/	ö /ø/	œ /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	ô /oː/
Open	ä /æ/	æ /æː/			a /a/	â /aː/

Diphthongs: ie /iə/ üe /yə/ uo /uə/ ei /ɛɪ/ öu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ou /ɔu/

Classical Wiebian

The beginning of the Standard Ancient Wiebian (SAW), Classical Wiebian (CW), or Late Ancient Wiebian (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Neumer-Kaid (2300 HM years before present).

Consonants

Standard Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Click	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		/m/	/n/		[ŋǃ]		/ŋ/
Plosive	fortis	/p/	/t/		/ǃ/		/k/		/ʔ/
	lenis	/b/	/d/		/ɡǃ/		/ɡ/
Fricative	fortis	/f/	/s/	/ʃ/		/ç/		[χ]	/h/
	lenis	/v/	/z/					/ʁ/
Affricate		/pf/	/ts/	/tʃ/
Trill			[r]					[ʀ]
Approximant			/l/			/j/		[ʁ̞]

Notes

• A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiebian. Words beginning with an orthographic vowel begin with a glottal stop initial.
• /n/ assimilates before clicks and velar plosives to /ŋ/.
• [χ] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels. Final -ig is pronounced /ɪç/.
• In Late Ancient Wiebian /r/ has a number of different realizations according to dialect:
  • In the northern dialects the dominant pronunciation is /ʁ/ or /ʀ/ it is always vocalized to [ɐ] before a consonant or word-finally (as in North German dialects).
  • In the Kurmian dialect /r/ remains an alveolar trill.
• The clicks /ǃ, ɡǃ/ are pronounced as [ʈ, ɖ] in the Kargasser dialect and as [q, ɢ] in the Brusing dialect.
• [ŋǃ] is a free alternant of /ɡǃ/.

Vowels

Standard accent

Classical Wiebian vowels (standard accent)

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	/ɪ/	/iː/	/ʏ/	/yː/			/ʊ/	/uː/
Mid	/ɛ/	/eː/	/œ/	/øː/	/ə/		/ɔ/	/oː/
Near-open					[ɐ]
Open					/a/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /aʊ ɔʏ aɪ/

"R-colored" vowels: /iːɐ̯ˁ yːɐ̯ˁ uːɐ̯ˁ eːɐ̯ˁ øːɐ̯ˁ oːɐ̯ˁ ɛɐ̯ˁ œɐ̯ˁ ɔɐ̯ˁ aɐ̯ˁ aʊɐ̯ˁ ɔʏɐ̯ˁ aɪɐ̯ˁ/

Tie accent

Classical Wiebian vowels (Tie accent)

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	/i/	/iː/	/ʉ/	/ʉː/	/u/	/uː/
Close-mid	/e/	/eː/	/ə/	/ɵː/	/o/	/oː/
Open-mid		/ɛː/		(/ɞː/)		/ɔː/
Open			/ɐ/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /aʊ oɪ aɪ iɐ ʉɐ uɐ auɐ oɪɐ aɪɐ/

Notes

• /i/, /ʉ/, /ʉː/, /u/ corresponds to standard /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /yː/, /ʊ/.
• /e/, /ə/, /ɵː/, /o/ corresponds to standard /ɛ/, /œ/, /ɵː/, /ɔ/.
• /ɛː/, /ɞː/, /ɔː/ corresponds to standard /ɛɐ̯/~/eːɐ̯/, /œɐ̯/~/øːɐ̯/, /ɔɐ̯/~/oːɐ̯/ (those vowel categories are merged). Since /ɞː/ is rare, it's often merged with /aː/.
• /oɪ/ corresponds to standard /ɔʏ/.
• The r-rimes lack the pharyngealization heard in the standard accent. /aɐ̯ˁ/ and /aːɐ̯ˁ/ merge into /aː/.
• /ʉɐ/ corresponds to standard /ʏɐ̯ˁ/~/yːɐ̯ˁ/.

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Grammar

Parts of speech

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature inflected determiners and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.

Nouns

Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ein.

The definite article (possessive pronouns nein, mein, winder, wein, rein, linder, lein are inflected similarly):

Gender

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Number

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature has three numbers, like PPfK: singular, dual and plural.

The dual is marked by dual case suffixes.

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.

• -e suffix: Ŧeib 'goblet' > Ŧeibe
• -en suffix: Zwerde 'law' > Zwerden
• ⁱ-er
• -et suffix: Ŧehr 'bird' > Ŧehret
• De- prefix (Ge- before t, d, ŧ, đ)
• ⁱ "de-umlauting" the singular stem
• plural ablaut

The plural form of a noun was unpredictable.

The genitive plural could be in a third ablaut grade.

Case endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, noun phrases are inflected in 3 cases:

• Nominative: subject
• Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
• Genitive: possession, prepositional objects.

Ahn 'father' - masculine
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	eine Ahn	einen Ahn
Def. nom.	ein Ahn	einer Ahn
Indef. acc.	ein Ahn	einer Ahn
Def. acc.	einem Ahn	eines Ahn
Indef. gen.	einem Ahn	eines Ahn
Def. gen.	eine Ahn	einen Ahn

Mahl 'mother' - feminine
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	einem Mahl	eines Mahl
Def. nom.	eine Mahl	einen Mahl
Indef. acc.	eine Mahl	einen Mahl
Def. acc.	ein Mahl	einer Mahl
Indef. gen.	ein Mahl	einer Mahl
Def. gen.	einem Mahl	eines Mahl

Ŧeib 'chalice' - neuter
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	ein Ŧeib	einer Ŧeib
Def. nom.	einem Ŧeib	eines Ŧeib
Indef. acc.	einem Ŧeib	eines Ŧeib
Def. acc.	eine Ŧeib	einen Ŧeib
Indef. gen.	eine Ŧeib	einen Ŧeib
Def. gen.	ein Ŧeib	einer Ŧeib

Case and adpositions

Adpositions combine with the definite article ein, e.g. ehrner Heste (< *ehr einer...) 'for the wife'.

• bach - with (dat), bachn-
• die - into/in (acc/dat), dien-
• đei - partitive (gen), đein-
• ehr, ehro - for (dat), ehrn-
• gar - to, towards (acc), garn-
• lie - from (dat), lien-
• pfalt - before (dat), pfaltn-
• sie - onto/on (acc/dat), sien-
• tab - towards/at (acc/dat) tabn-
• trieg - around (dat) triegn-
• zecker - after (dat), zeckn-

Adjectives

Predicative adjectives: no ending

Attributive adjectives: See above.

Degree

Wiebian makes no distinction between the comparative and the superlative, which are both are formed with the suffix ^U-lich. "Less" and "least" are indicated with the suffix -bar. Example: garm 'heavy', gärmlich 'heavier', garmbar 'less heavy'

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -st.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Person →	1			1+2		2
Number →	Singular	Dual	Plural	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Case ↓
Nominative	nu	mich	um	wich	wind	rei	lich	lind
Accusative	nun	umen		wich	wien	rien	lich	lien
Genitive	nur	ume		wind	wie	rir	lind	lie
Possessive pronouns	nein	mein		winder	wein	rein	linder	lein

Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives ma 'this' and đa 'that'.

• ms: ma, mie, ma, mas
• fs: mie, mar, man, mer
• dual: mer, mer, mind, mind
• mp: man, man, mist, mans
• fp: mer, mer, mist, man
• possessive pronouns: mir/miro, đir/điro

Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ein or an adjectival suffix -er.

Verbs

Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.

The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.

The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Jussive endings are only found in special registers.

Personal endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, the verb is also inflected for person.

Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.

Imperative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	-ner	-n
2	-Ø	-ler	-l

Indicative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	i-n	-end	-em
1.in	-	-ner	-en
2	i-er	-ler	-el
3.m	i-n	i-ung	i-e
3.f	i-s

Formation of verbal principal parts

Infinitives are formed by the suffix ⁱ-el.

Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:

• -s
• -ke
• Prefix Ge-

TAM auxiliary constructions

Some tense constructions

Meaning	Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature construction
perfect	duom + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC

Numerals

Cardinals 0-10: ühm, wahm, disser, narg, đauf, säles, stuhm, rut, lerz, pfarb, kier

Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, säler, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer

Syntax

Word order

Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.

Use of "es"

es is a particle borrowed from the Primitive Tergetian emphasis clitic =is. Originally an emphatic particle, in Late Ancient Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts.

Truth value

For negation, Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature uses a negative adverb mei: Nu häffe 'I eat' is negated to Nu häffe mei, lit. 'I eat not'.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions

• zu - and
• am - or
• sinder - but
• gödel - because
• nöter - while
• einstein - right when
• euler - until

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

• be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (ge- before labials)
  • berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
  • gebeul 'justify, straighten' < beul 'just'
• des-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
  • desŧolz 'be wrapped' < ŧolz wrap
• -el: nominalization
• ent- (sometimes emp- before f): perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
• -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
  • Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
  • Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
  • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
• ger-: inceptive, dynamic
  • gerŧest: 'initiate' < ŧest 'run' (intransitive)
  • gerschwecht: 'blow at (without affecting); start to blow; try blowing' < schwecht 'blow'
• irr- (< PGam *hiz): negative
  • irrbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'
• -lein agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
  • Winklein 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -lein
• -mack: resultative, ability
• -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
• -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
• -s (~ Thm. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
• Ur-: augmentative
  • Urann, Urmahl 'grandfather, grandmother' < Ann, Mahl 'father, mother'
• -zie: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
• -zim: characterized by [noun]

Sample texts

Schüngzie bäßes mei Karfs Schüngzie;
meist Brack bäßen.
Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;
meist Körde bäßes.
- Martin Luther King ein Steftere

The North Wind and the Sun

Ein Simmhall zu eine Unde

Wahmer besprillt es ein Simmhall zu eine Unde, ja luhs feudbar, westers ein bach ein ŧäch Zemme Desŧolzes Schammerlein gerzweiden. Đer geröckt es, hin ein pfalts gar einem Schammerlein quetzen đir Zemme beđecken, grechs hin luhs feudbar brühnen. Ein Simmhall gerschwichten es bach bieser Rast, sinter jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner späglichst ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme trieg đie, zu berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đir Gernurts. Immer enthächtes es eine Unde đir ŧächern Fleiden, zu irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Unde luhn feud đeinen disser.

The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Reite Wäre desschrefft [] im [] gund [] im []. Ans []

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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