Glommish: Difference between revisions

Line 31:

''þe tróst'' = safety, security; ''tróstich'' = safe, secure; ''trósten'' = to save

''anýrьst'' = first, at first, initially

''~~gadżen~~'' = again

''gażen'' = again

''þe atstand'' = state (that something is in)

''þe dóþ'' = death

Line 73:

''þí nódie'' = 'dire straits, poverty'

''þe nódiefal'' = 'emergency'

''þí ~~adże~~'' = 'corner, vertex'

''þí aże'' = 'corner, vertex'

''þe ~~þríadż~~, þe ~~fióradż~~, ...'' = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'

''þe þríaż, þe fióraż, ...'' = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'

þí tídie = 'time'

þe gidán (< Heb. ngidån) = 'era/epoch'

Line 107:

Unstressed e ie = а е

Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d dż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д дж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р -й

Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d ż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д ж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р -й

Vowels after cz, dż, sz:

Vowels after cz, ż, sz:

cza cze czi czo czu = чя че чи чё чю

Ала манськан синь буран фри: ок гали:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтам. Си: синь ~~беджа~~:вд мид фарстанда ок гави:те ок ԕурван бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьста ин гы:ста бра:ԕерһы:дар.

Ала манськан синь буран фри: ок гали:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтам. Си: синь бежа:вд мид фарстанда ок гави:те ок ԕурван бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьста ин гы:ста бра:ԕерһы:дар.

==Phonology==

Line 180:

|

| '''dż''' {{IPA|~~dʒ~~~ʒ}}

| '''ż''' {{IPA|ʒ}}

| ||

|

Line 437:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

! colspan="3" | ''~~dżáve~~'' (f.) 'gift'

! colspan="3" | ''żáve'' (f.) 'gift'

|-

! style="width: 90px;" | Case

Line 444:

|-

! Nominative

| ''~~dżáve~~'' || ''~~dżáver~~''

| ''żáve'' || ''żáver''

|-

! Dative

| ''~~dżáve~~'' || ''~~dżávem~~''

| ''żáve'' || ''żávem''

|-

! Genitive

| ''~~dżáver~~'' || ''~~dżáve~~''

| ''żáver'' || ''żáve''

|}

Line 584:

====Degree====

The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -~~dżt~~, -szt, coronal + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ''ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst'' 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.

The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -żt, -szt, coronal + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ''ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst'' 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Line 684:

Verbs are less conservative than in [[Ufirlandisg]]. For example:

*There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.

*The past subjunctive has disappeared except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''~~dżendże~~'' 'would'.

*The past subjunctive has disappeared except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''żenże'' 'would'.

====Weak verbs====

For the past dental suffix ''-ti-'' is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''); ''-edi-'' is added if the stem ends in a ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''; ''-di-'' is added otherwise.

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|}

Other examples: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''~~sadżen~~'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'execute, set into motion'

Other examples: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'execute, set into motion'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''~~brindżen~~, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''~~budżen~~, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtie, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtie, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

====Strong verbs====

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|}

Also: ''~~biedżinen~~, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; ''finþen, fanþ, funþen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'flow'; ''springen, ssprang, sprungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''fiarpen, farp, furpen'' 'throw'; ''þrimben, þramb, þrumben'' 'push'.

Also: ''bieżinen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; ''finþen, fanþ, funþen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'flow'; ''springen, ssprang, sprungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''fiarpen, farp, furpen'' 'throw'; ''þrimben, þramb, þrumben'' 'push'.

=====Strong class 4=====

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=====Strong class 5=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px

|+ '''''~~dżaven~~'' 'to give''''

|+ '''''żaven'' 'to give''''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/et'' || ''vír'' || ''úr'' || ''í''

|-

! present

| ''~~dżave~~'' || ''~~dżevier~~'' || ''~~dżevieþь~~'' || ''~~dżavem~~'' || ''~~dżevieþ~~'' || ''~~dżavenь~~''

| ''żave'' || ''żevier'' || ''żevieþь'' || ''żavem'' || ''żevieþ'' || ''żavenь''

|-

! subjunctive

| ''~~dżave~~'' || ''~~dżaves~~'' || ''~~dżave~~'' || ''~~dżavem~~'' || ''~~dżaveþ~~'' || ''~~dżavenь~~''

| ''żave'' || ''żaves'' || ''żave'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''

|-

! past

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|-

! imperative

| ''-'' || ''~~dżevь~~!'' / ''~~dżevie~~!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''~~dżevieþ~~!'' || ''-''

| ''-'' || ''żevь!'' / ''żevie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''żevieþ!'' || ''-''

|-

!colspan="7"|

|-

! present participle

|colspan="6"| ''~~dżavend~~''

|colspan="6"| ''żavend''

|-

! past participle

|colspan="6"| ''~~dżaven~~''

|colspan="6"| ''żaven''

|}

Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit', ''~~ferdżaten~~, fergat, ~~ferdżaten~~'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liasen'' 'read', ''sión, só, sión'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''~~liedżen~~, lag, liagen'' 'lie'

Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit', ''ferżaten, fergat, ferżaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liasen'' 'read', ''sión, só, sión'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''lieżen, lag, liagen'' 'lie'

=====Strong class 6=====

Line 1,081:

|-

! past indicative

| ''~~dżang~~'' || ''~~dżanger~~'' || ''~~dżang~~'' || ''~~dżangem~~'' || ''~~dżangþ~~'' || ''~~dżangenь~~''

| ''żang'' || ''żanger'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangþ'' || ''żangenь''

|-

! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup>

| ''~~dżendże~~'' || ''~~dżendżer~~'' || ''~~dżendże~~'' || ''~~dżendżem~~'' || ''~~dżendżeþ~~'' || ''~~dżendżenь~~''

| ''żenże'' || ''żenżer'' || ''żenże'' || ''żenżem'' || ''żenżeþ'' || ''żenżenь''

|-

! imperative

Line 1,095:

|-

! past participle

|colspan="6"| ''~~dżangen~~''

|colspan="6"| ''żangen''

|}

<sup>1</sup> Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.

Line 1,117:

*''-í'': Hebrew nisba suffix for adjectives

*''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'

**''~~ýnódżich~~'': 'one-eyed' < ''ýn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'

**''ýnóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''ýn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'

*''-iel'': forms nouns

**''þe lapiel'': 'spoon'

Line 1,125:

**''andielóz'': 'endless' < ''þe andь'' 'end'

*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun

**''~~dadżlik~~'' 'daily' < ''þe dag'' 'day'

**''dażlik'' 'daily' < ''þe dag'' 'day'

**''vurdlik'' 'literal' < ''þe vurd'' 'word'

*''mis-'': "mis-"

Line 1,152:

===Possession===

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí ~~dżáve~~ míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: ''míns fadiers ~~dżáve~~''.

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: ''míns fadiers żáve''.

For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: ''Et finsь at mir tvý sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'')

Line 1,246:

==Sample texts==

===UDHR, Article 1===

:'''''Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь ~~biedżávd~~ mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in gýste bráþierhýder.'''''

:'''''Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in gýste bráþierhýder.'''''

:[ˈaɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊrən fʲrʲiː ək gəˈlʲiːk an ˈvurɬʲɪ k ˈanrʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒaːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲiːtʲɪ ək ˈɬˠʊrvən bʲɪˈdʲrʲiːvən iːn gaʃt nʲaˈfʲstə jɪŋ gɨ̽ːstə ˈbraːɬʲɪrhɨ̽ːdər]

:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ''þe tróst'' = safety, security; ''tróstich'' = safe, secure; ''trósten'' = to save
 ''anýrьst'' = first, at first, initially
-''gadżen'' = again
+''gażen'' = again
 ''þe atstand'' = state (that something is in)
 ''þe dóþ'' = death
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 ''þí nódie'' = 'dire straits, poverty'
 ''þe nódiefal'' = 'emergency'
-''þí adże'' = 'corner, vertex'
+''þí aże'' = 'corner, vertex'
-''þe þríadż, þe fióradż, ...'' = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'
+''þe þríaż, þe fióraż, ...'' = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'
 þí tídie = 'time'
 þe gidán (< Heb. ngidån) = 'era/epoch'
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 Unstressed e ie = а е
-Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d dż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д дж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р -й
+Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d ż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д ж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р -й
-Vowels after cz, dż, sz:
+Vowels after cz, ż, sz:
 cza cze czi czo czu = чя че чи чё чю
-Ала манськан синь буран фри: ок гали:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтам. Си: синь беджа:вд мид фарстанда ок гави:те ок ԕурван бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьста ин гы:ста бра:ԕерһы:дар.
+Ала манськан синь буран фри: ок гали:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтам. Си: синь бежа:вд мид фарстанда ок гави:те ок ԕурван бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьста ин гы:ста бра:ԕерһы:дар.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 |
 |
-| '''dż''' {{IPA|dʒ~ʒ}}
+| '''ż''' {{IPA|ʒ}}
 | ||
 |
@@ Line 437: / Line 437: @@
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
-! colspan="3" | ''dżáve'' (f.) 'gift'
+! colspan="3" | ''żáve'' (f.) 'gift'
 |-
 ! style="width: 90px;" | Case
@@ Line 444: / Line 444: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| ''dżáve'' || ''dżáver''
+| ''żáve'' || ''żáver''
 |-
 ! Dative
-| ''dżáve'' || ''dżávem''
+| ''żáve'' || ''żávem''
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| ''dżáver'' || ''dżáve''
+| ''żáver'' || ''żáve''
 |}
@@ Line 584: / Line 584: @@
 ====Degree====
-The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -dżt, -szt, coronal + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ''ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst'' 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.
+The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -żt, -szt, coronal + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ''ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst'' 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.
 There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
@@ Line 684: / Line 684: @@
 Verbs are less conservative than in [[Ufirlandisg]]. For example:
 *There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
-*The past subjunctive has disappeared except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''dżendże'' 'would'.
+*The past subjunctive has disappeared except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''żenże'' 'would'.
 ====Weak verbs====
 For the past dental suffix ''-ti-'' is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''); ''-edi-'' is added if the stem ends in a ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''; ''-di-'' is added otherwise.
@@ Line 741: / Line 741: @@
 |}
-Other examples: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sadżen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'execute, set into motion'
+Other examples: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'execute, set into motion'
-Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brindżen, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''budżen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtie, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
+Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtie, þacht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
 ====Strong verbs====
@@ Line 828: / Line 828: @@
 |}
-Also: ''biedżinen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; ''finþen, fanþ, funþen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'flow'; ''springen, ssprang, sprungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''fiarpen, farp, furpen'' 'throw'; ''þrimben, þramb, þrumben'' 'push'.
+Also: ''bieżinen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; ''finþen, fanþ, funþen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'flow'; ''springen, ssprang, sprungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''fiarpen, farp, furpen'' 'throw'; ''þrimben, þramb, þrumben'' 'push'.
 =====Strong class 4=====
@@ Line 861: / Line 861: @@
 =====Strong class 5=====
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
-|+ '''''dżaven'' 'to give''''
+|+ '''''żaven'' 'to give''''
 ! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí/et'' || ''vír'' || ''úr'' || ''í''
 |-
 ! present
-| ''dżave'' || ''dżevier'' || ''dżevieþь'' || ''dżavem'' || ''dżevieþ'' || ''dżavenь''
+| ''żave'' || ''żevier'' || ''żevieþь'' || ''żavem'' || ''żevieþ'' || ''żavenь''
 |-
 ! subjunctive
-| ''dżave'' || ''dżaves'' || ''dżave'' ||  ''dżavem'' || ''dżaveþ'' || ''dżavenь''
+| ''żave'' || ''żaves'' || ''żave'' ||  ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''
 |-
 ! past
@@ Line 874: / Line 874: @@
 |-
 ! imperative
-| ''-'' || ''dżevь!'' / ''dżevie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dżevieþ!'' || ''-''
+| ''-'' || ''żevь!'' / ''żevie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''żevieþ!'' || ''-''
 |-
 !colspan="7"|
 |-
 ! present participle
-|colspan="6"| ''dżavend''
+|colspan="6"| ''żavend''
 |-
 ! past participle
-|colspan="6"| ''dżaven''
+|colspan="6"| ''żaven''
 |}
-Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit', ''ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liasen'' 'read', ''sión, só, sión'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''liedżen, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
+Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit', ''ferżaten, fergat, ferżaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liasen'' 'read', ''sión, só, sión'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''lieżen, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
 =====Strong class 6=====
@@ Line 1,081: / Line 1,081: @@
 |-
 ! past indicative
-| ''dżang'' || ''dżanger'' || ''dżang'' || ''dżangem'' || ''dżangþ'' || ''dżangenь''
+| ''żang'' || ''żanger'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangþ'' || ''żangenь''
 |-
 ! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup>
-| ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżer'' || ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżem'' || ''dżendżeþ'' || ''dżendżenь''
+| ''żenże'' || ''żenżer'' || ''żenże'' || ''żenżem'' || ''żenżeþ'' || ''żenżenь''
 |-
 ! imperative
@@ Line 1,095: / Line 1,095: @@
 |-
 ! past participle
-|colspan="6"| ''dżangen''
+|colspan="6"| ''żangen''
 |}
 <sup>1</sup> Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.
@@ Line 1,117: / Line 1,117: @@
 *''-í'': Hebrew nisba suffix for adjectives
 *''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
-**''ýnódżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''ýn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
+**''ýnóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''ýn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
 *''-iel'': forms nouns
 **''þe lapiel'': 'spoon'
@@ Line 1,125: / Line 1,125: @@
 **''andielóz'': 'endless' < ''þe andь'' 'end'
 *''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
-**''dadżlik'' 'daily' < ''þe dag'' 'day'
+**''dażlik'' 'daily' < ''þe dag'' 'day'
 **''vurdlik'' 'literal' < ''þe vurd'' 'word'
 *''mis-'': "mis-"
@@ Line 1,152: / Line 1,152: @@
 ===Possession===
-Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí dżáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: ''míns fadiers dżáve''.
+Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: ''míns fadiers żáve''.
 For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: ''Et finsь at mir tvý sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'')
@@ Line 1,246: / Line 1,246: @@
 ==Sample texts==
 ===UDHR, Article 1===
-:'''''Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь biedżávd mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in gýste bráþierhýder.'''''
+:'''''Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in gýste bráþierhýder.'''''
 :[ˈaɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊrən fʲrʲiː ək gəˈlʲiːk an ˈvurɬʲɪ k ˈanrʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒaːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲiːtʲɪ ək ˈɬˠʊrvən bʲɪˈdʲrʲiːvən iːn gaʃt nʲaˈfʲstə jɪŋ gɨ̽ːstə ˈbraːɬʲɪrhɨ̽ːdər]
 :''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''