Solerian: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 02:45, 7 April 2013
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
Solerian | |
---|---|
Soleя | |
Pronunciation | [/solˈeɹ/] |
Created by | Newrhotic |
Native speakers | None (2013) |
Sources | a priori |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | - |
Soleя, /solˈeɹ/, (romanized as Soler) or Solerian is a highly alveolarized language, with a moderately large consonant inventory, and 15 grammatical cases. It is spoken by no one as it is still under construction and, for the same reasons, it has no native speakers. Its origin traces back to January 2013 and it still has a long way to go. Its bigger peculiarity might be the presence of speech function markers (statement/question/command/offer/irony) realized by click consonants.
Overview
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Nouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Particle | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Phonology
Consonants and semi-vowels
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | Labio-velar | Lateral | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||||||
Plosive | p · b | t · d | tʃ | k · g | ʔ | ||||||
Fricative | f · v | θ | s | ʃ | ʝ | χ | h | ||||
Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||||
Trill | r | ʀ | |||||||||
Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||||||||
Lateral app. | l | ||||||||||
Clicks | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | ǂ | ǁ |
Phonetic notes
The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as approximants (namely [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞], hereafter represented without the undertack) or fricatives in all places except after a pause, after a nasal consonant, or —in the case of /d/— after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.
The phoneme /n/ is realized as a voiced velar nasal [ŋ] before velar /k/, /g/ or uvular /χ/, /ʀ/.
Vowels
Short vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e̞ | o̞ | |
Open-mid | ɛ | ə | |
Open | ä |
Dipthongs
Falling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[äj] | €€ | '€' | [äw] | €€ | '€' |
[e̞j] | €€ | '€' | [e̞w] | €€ | '€' |
[o̞j] | €€ | '€' | [o̞w] | € | '€' |
[uj] | €€ | '€' | |||
Rising | |||||
[jä] | €€ | '€' | [wä] | €€ | '€' |
[je̞] | €€ | '€' | [we̞] | €€ | '€' |
[wi] | €€ | '€' | |||
[jo̞] | €€ | '€' | [wo̞] | €€ | '€' |
[ju] | €€ | '€' |
Hiatus
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Phonotactics
(C) | V | (C) | (Coda) |
---|---|---|---|
€ | € | € | - |
Orthography
Grapheme | Name | Pronunciation | Further information |
---|---|---|---|
A, a | A | [ä] | - |
Æ, æ | Æß | [ɛ] | Only used in femenine gendered nouns |
B, b | Bej | [b] | - |
C, c | Cej | [tʃ] | |
D, d | Dej | [d] | - |
E, e | E | [e̞] | - |
F, f | Fej | [f] | - |
G, g | Gej | [g] | - |
H, h | Hej | [h] | - |
I, i | I | [i] | - |
J, j | Jaw | [j] | Semi-vowel |
K, k | Kaw | [k] | - |
L, l | Lej | [l] | - |
M, m | Mej | [m] | - |
N, n | Naw | [n] | - |
И, и | Иaw | [ɲ] | - |
O, o | O | [o̞] | - |
Œ, œ | Œß | [ə] | Only used in masculine gendered nouns |
P, p | Paw | [p] | - |
R, r | Riaw | [r] | Trilled |
Ꝛ, ꝛ | Eꝛaw | [ɾ] | Flapped/Tapped |
Я, я | Яaw | [ɹ] | Rhotic |
Ʀ, ʀ | Ʀaw | [ʀ] | Uvular |
S, s | Sej | [s] | - |
ẞ, ß | ẞaw | [∫] | - |
T, t | Taw | [t] | - |
U, u | U | [u] | - |
V, v | Vej | [v] | - |
W, w | Wej | [w] | Semi-vowel |
X, x | Xej | [χ] | - |
Y, y | Yej | [ʝ] | - |
Z, z | Zej | [θ] | - |
⁓ | Pan | [ʘ] | Statement marker (emphatic) |
? | Klon | [!] | Question marker |
! | Ten | [ǀ] | Command marker |
§ | Cen | [ǁ] | Suggestion marker |
⸮ | Ken | [ǂ] | Irony marker |
Grammar
Gender and number
Nouns in Solerian can be abstract, inanimate, or animate.
- Abstract gender englobes ideas, actions or abstractions: race, jump, freedom.
- Inanimate gender refers to tangible non-living beings: stone, sun, window.
- Animate gender unites living beings: bird, person, doctor.
- Although it is not required, sex can be specified by adding to the noun the suffix -œ for masculine, and -æ for femenine nouns.
Regarding number, there are three categories nouns can fall in:
- Singular, portraying only one entity: The car, a cat.
- Dual, for natural pairs: eyes, the couple, a pair of trousers.
- Plural, for two or more entities: The cars, four women.
Personal pronouns
Abstract | Inanimate | Animate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unspecified | Sex | ||||
Masculine | Femenine | ||||
Zero person | Lo | - | - | - | - |
First person | - | - | Ale | Alœ | Alæ |
Second person | - | - | Bale | Balœ | Balæ |
Third person | Calo | Cali | Cale | Calœ | Calæ |
Fourth person | - | - | Dale | - | - |
Abstract | Inanimate | Animate | |
---|---|---|---|
First person | - | - | Alele |
Second person | - | - | Balele |
Third person | Calolo | Calili | Calele |
Abstract | Inanimate | Animate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
First person | Exclusive | - | - | Aleßu |
Inclusive | - | - | Abaleßu | |
Second person | - | - | Baleßu | |
Third person | Caloßu | Calißu | Caleßu |
Numerals
Solerial numeral system is heavily decimal. Numbers are arranged in sets:
- Pom: numbers from 0 to 9.
- Daki: sets of ten, or denaries (all the x*10 numbers).
- Fentu: sets of hundred (all the x*102 numbers).
- Иare: sets of thousand (all the x*103 numbers).
- Xusti: sets of million (all the x*106 numbers).
- Яaze: sets of trillion (all the x*1012 numbers).
Pom numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals | Daki numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals | Fentu numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ʀajni | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 | tꝛepye(pom) | tꝛepyepono | 10 | tꝛepyedaki | tꝛepyedakigi | 100 | tꝛepyefentu | tꝛepyefentudu |
2 | ganse(pom) | gansepono | 20 | gansedaki | gansedakigi | 200 | gansefentu | gansefentudu |
3 | likli(pom) | liklipono | 30 | liklidaki | liklidakigi | 300 | liklifentu | liklifentudu |
4 | flastez(pom) | flastezpono | 40 | flastezdaki | flastezdakigi | 400 | flastezfentu | flastezfentudu |
5 | bostaꝛ(pom) | bostaꝛpono | 50 | bostaꝛdaki | bostaꝛdakigi | 500 | bostaꝛfentu | bostaꝛfentudu |
6 | kortet(pom) | kortetpono | 60 | kortetaki | kortetakigi | 600 | kortetfentu | kortetfentudu |
7 | иusi(pom) | иusipono | 70 | иusidaki | иusidakigi | 700 | иusifentu | иusifentudu |
8 | lolto(pom) | loltopono | 80 | loltodaki | loltodakigi | 800 | loltofentu | loltofentudu |
9 | nwarif(pom) | nwarifpono | 90 | nwarifdaki | nwarifdakigi | 900 | nwarifentu | nwarifentudu |
Иare numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals | Xusti numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals | Яaze numbers | Cardinals | Ordinals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 000 | tꝛepyeиare | tꝛepyeиareꝛe | 1 000 000 | tꝛepyexusti | tꝛepyexustidi | 100 | tꝛepyeяaze | tꝛepyeяazese |
2 000 | ganseиare | ganseиareꝛe | 2 000 000 | gansexusti | gansexustidi | 200 | ganseяaze | ganseяazese |
3 000 | likliиare | likliиareꝛe | 3 000 000 | liklixusti | liklixustidi | 300 | likliяaze | likliяazese |
4 000 | flastesиare | flastesиareꝛe | 4 000 000 | flasteßusti | flasteßustidi | 400 | flastezяaze | flastezяazese |
5 000 | bostaꝛиare | bostaꝛиareꝛe | 5 000 000 | bostaꝛxusti | bostaꝛxustidi | 500 | bostaяaze | bostaяazese |
6 000 | kortetиare | kortetиareꝛe | 6 000 000 | kortetxusti | kortetxustidi | 600 | kortetяaze | kortetяazese |
7 000 | иusiиare | иusiиareꝛe | 7 000 000 | иusixusti | иusixustidi | 700 | иusiяaze | иusiяazese |
8 000 | loltoиare | loltoиareꝛe | 8 000 000 | loltoxusti | loltoxustidi | 800 | loltoяaze | loltoяazese |
9 000 | nwarifиare | nwarifиareꝛe | 9 000 000 | nwarifxusti | nwarifxustidi | 900 | nwarifяaze | nwarifяazese |
Numbers are arranged in order, from bigger to smaller (a*10i + b*10i-1 + … + w*103 + x*102 + y*10 + z).
Some examples:
- 23: gansedaki likli(pom)
- 749: иusifentu flastezdaki nwarif(pom)
- 184922: tꝛepyefentu loltodaki flastesиare nwarifentu gansedaki ganse(pom)
- #18 : tꝛepyedakigi loltopono
Morphology
Grammatical cases
Case (particle) | Usage | Sol·eя | English |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative (·aяa) | agent | ||
Accusative (·bяe) | patient | ||
Dative (·kuя) | recipient | ||
Genitive (·eя) | relationship, possession | ||
Benefactive (·foя) | beneficiary | ||
Instrumental (·axra) | instrument | ||
Privative (·tix) | lacking something | ||
Essive-Modal (·ux) | manner of doing something | ||
Commitative (·ex) | accompanied by sth/sb | ||
Causal-final (·ox) | efficient or final cause | ||
Ablative (·af) | movement away from something | ||
Lative (·if) | movement to something | ||
Locative (·duf) | location | ||
Partitive (·ef) | used for amounts | ||
Temporal (·of) | specifying a time |
Syntax
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