単亜語: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT [[Tonuao]]
{{construction}}
 
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
 
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].  It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan.  The Latin alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
 
{{Infobox language
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|name = East Asian Language
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|speakers = 3
|date = 2014
|family=conlang
|familycolor = conlang
|iso1 = tao
|iso2 = tao
|iso3 = tao
|script        = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and Latin
|notice = IPA
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]
*[[User:miyuruasuka|沢渡けんじ]]
}}
 
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
! colspan="7"|Consonants
|-
!
!  Labial
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
!  Palatal
!  Velar
!  Glottal
|- align="center"
!Nasals
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small>
|
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|
|
|-
! Plosives
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small>
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small>
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small>
|
|-
!Fricatives
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|-
! Liquids
|
|
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small>
|
|
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small>
|
|
|}
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''
|-
! colspan="4"|Vowels
|-
!
!  Front
!  Central
!  Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
|
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small>
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small>
|
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small>
|-
! Low
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small>
|}
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
 
<!--
un
pun
tun
jun
kun
mun
nun
sun
hun
lun
yun
//-->
 
=== Phonotactics ===
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn.  There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables
|-
! ø
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small>
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small>
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small>
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small>
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small>
|-
! p
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''
|-
! t
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu'''
|-
! j
|  チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''
|-
! k
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''
|-
! m
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''
|-
! n
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''
|-
! s
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''
|-
! h
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''
|-
! l
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''
|-
! w
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small>
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small>
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small>
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! a
! e
! i
! o
! u
|-
! ø
| 아
| 에
| 이
| 오
| 우
|-
! p
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부
|-
! t
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두
|-
! j
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주
|-
! k
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구
|-
! m
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무
|-
! n
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누
|-
! s
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수
|-
! h
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후
|-
! l
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루
|-
! w
| 와
| 웨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 야
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 요
| 유
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| アン <br /> '''an'''
| エン <br /> '''en'''
| イン <br /> '''in'''
| ウン <br /> '''un'''
|
|-
! p
| パン <br /> '''pan'''
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''
| プン <br /> '''pun'''
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''
|-
! t
| タン <br /> '''tan'''
| テン <br /> '''ten'''
| チン <br /> '''tin'''
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''
|
|-
! j
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''
|
|-
! k
| カン <br /> '''kan'''
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| クン <br /> '''kun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| マン <br /> '''man'''
| メン <br /> '''men'''
| ミン <br /> '''min'''
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''
|-
! n
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''
|-
! s
| サン <br /> '''san'''
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small>
| シン <br /> '''sin'''
| スン <br /> '''sun'''
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small>
|-
! h
| ハン <br /> '''han'''
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| フン <br /> '''hun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''
| レン <br /> '''len'''
| リン <br /> '''lin'''
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''
|-
! w
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| 안
| 엔
| 인
| 운
|
|-
! p
| 반
| 벤
| 빈
| 분
| 뱌
|-
! t
| 단
| 덴
| 딘
| 둔
|
|-
! j
| 잔
| 젠
| 진
| 준
|
|-
! k
| 간
| 겐
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 군
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| 만
| 멘
| 민
| 문
| 먀
|-
! n
| 난
| 넨
| 닌
| 눈
| 냐
|-
! s
| 산
| 센
| 신
| 순
| 샤
|-
! h
| 한
| 헨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 훈
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| 란
| 렌
| 린
| 룬
| 랴
|-
! w
| 완
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 얀
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 윤
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.
 
=== Derivation ===
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position.  First, it considers the initial consonant in MC
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  Middle Chinese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}
|-
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on
|-
! rowspan="4" | Labials
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h
| p/f || p/f
! rowspan="3" | p
|-
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f
|-
| 並 b || b
| b > b/ph/v
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f
|-
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m
| m/w || m
! m
|-
! rowspan="5" | Dentals
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t
| t || t
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th
| tʰ || tʰ
|-
| 定 d || d > đ || d
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d
|-
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n
| n || n~l
! n
|-
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r
| l || l
! l
|-
! Retroflex nasal
| 娘 ɳ
| n || n~ø || n  || d ||
| n || n~l
! ny
|-
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts
|-
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s
| ts, tɕ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts
|-
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s
| s || s
! rowspan="2" | s
|-
| 邪 z || z
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ
|-
| 俟 ʐ
| s || z
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts
! sy
|-
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s
| tʂ, ts || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 崇 dʐ || z
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s
| ʂ, s || s
! sy
|-
! rowspan="7" | Palatals
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s
! rowspan="2" | sy
|-
| 船 ʑ || z || s ||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s
|-
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j
! ny
|-
| 以 j
| d || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w
! y
|-
! rowspan="4" | Velars
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ
! rowspan="3" | k
|-
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ
|-
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ
|-
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j
! rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w
|-
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k
| x, ɕ || h, f, j
! rowspan="2" | h
|-
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w
| x, ɕ || h, w
|-
| 云 ɦj
| v, h || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ ||  j, w
! ø
|}
 
== Syntax ==
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]].  Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'.  Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.
 
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent.  The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''.  Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence.  The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''.  A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.
 
To be added
; 由 : from
; 至 : until
; 似 : like
 
{| class="bluetable"
! Relationship
! Particle
! Etymology
! English
! Mandarin
! Cantonese
! Japanese
! Korean
! Vietnamese
|-
! Topic
| ヘ ''he''
| 兮 ''hei''
| as for
| -
| -
| は wa
| 은/는 (n)ǔn
| cái
|-
! Vocative
|
| 哉 ''jai''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Dative
| ウ ''u''
| 于 ''yu''
| to
| -
| -
| に ni
| 에게 ege
| đến
|-
! Genitive
|
| 之 ''ji''
| of
| 的 de
| 嘅 ge
| の no
| 의 ǔi
| của
|-
! Instrumental
| イ ''i''
| 以 ''i''
| by
| 用 yòng
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup>
| で de
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro
|
|-
! Locative
| オ ''o''
| 於 ''o''
| in, on, at
| 在 zài
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup>
| に ni
| 에 e
|
|-
! Comitative
| コ ''ko''
| 共 ''konu''
| together with
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Assoc. Pl.
| ト ''to''
| 等 ''tonu''
| et. al.
| 們 men
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup>
| たち tachi
| 들 tǔl
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Perfective
| リ ''li''
| 已 ''i''
| -ed
| 了 le
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup>
| た/だ ta/da
| 았/었 att/ǒtt
| đã
|-
! Progressive
| ツ ''tu''
| 中 ''tunu''
| -ing
|
|
|
| 아/어 a/ǒ
|
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''nya''
|  若 ''nyaku''
| may
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Nominalizer
| ム ''mu''
| 物  ''mutu''
| -ed
|-
! Nominalizer
| シ ''si''
| 事 ''ji''
| -ing
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adnominalizer
| チ ''ti''
| 之 ''ji''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverbializer
| ヤ ''ya''
| 様 ''yanu''
| -ly
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! NP And
| ヨ ''yo''
| 与 ''o''
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! VP And
| ニ ''ni''
| 而 ''ni''
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Sentence Final Particles===
 
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! First
| 我 ''a''
| 我ト ''ato''
|-
! Second
| 汝 ''no''
| 汝ト ''noto''
|-
! Third
| 彼人 ''pinin''
| 彼人ト ''pininto''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Polite
! First
| One's given name
| One's given name-ト ''-to''
|-
! Second
| 君 ''kun''
| 君ト ''kunto''
|-
! Third
| One's surname
| One's surname-ト ''-to''
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
=== Classifiers ===
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.
{| class="bluetable"
! Classifier
! Use
|-
| 人 ''nin''
| people (general)
|-
| 名 ''menu''
| people (polite)
|-
| 台 ''tai''
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
|-
| 匹 ''pitu''
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
|-
| 冊 ''jaku''
| books, magazines, etc
|-
| 杯 ''pei''
| cups of some drink
|-
| 枚 ''mei''
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
|-
| 条 ''teu''
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
|-
| 間 ''kan''
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
|-
| 個 ''ka''
| anything else
|}
 
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is.  This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
{| class="bluetable"
! Determiner
! Use
! Example
|-
| 蛙 ''wa''
| amphibians
|
|-
| 鳥 ''teu''
| birds
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''
|-
| 魚 ''o''
| fish
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''
|-
| 虫 ''tunu''
| invertebrates
|
|-
| 獣 ''siu''
| mammals
|
|-
| 龍 ''lonu''
| reptiles
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''
|-
! colspan="3"|
|-
| 花 ''hua''
| flowers
|
|-
| 草 ''jau''
| grass
|
|-
| 木 ''moku''
| trees, bushes
|
|-
! colspan="3"|
|-
| 服 ''puku''
| clothes
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''
|-
| 飯 ''puen''
| meals
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''
|}
 
===Demonstratives and indefinite===
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! width="10%"|
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')
|-
!Adjective
|此 ''ji'' <br>this
|其 ''ki'' <br>that
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there
|何 ''ha'' <br>what
|無 ''miu'' <br>no
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every
|某 ''mou'' <br>some
|<br>any
|-
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something
|<br>anything
|-
!Person (人 ''-nin'')
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody
|<br>anybody
|-
!Place (処 ''-jo'')
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere
|<br>anywhere
|-
!Time (時 ''-'')
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime
|<br>anytime
|-
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how
|
|
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow
|
|-
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much
|
|
|
|
|-
!Kind (''-chi'')
|<br>like this
|<br>like that
|<br>like that other kind
|<br>what kind of
|
|
|
|
|-
!Reason (因 ''-in'')
|
|
|
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why
|
|
|
|
|}
 
== Lexica ==
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese
 
== Sample ==
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
* [[Tonuao/Sample/Anime]] - Titles of anime translated into Tonuao
 
== Links ==
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]
 
== References ==
 
 
<references />
 
[[Category:A posteriori‎]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]

Revision as of 01:37, 27 November 2018


East Asian Cultural Sphere.png

単亜語 is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the East Asian cultural sphere. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the shinjitai (新字体) standards of Japan. The Latin alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.

East Asian Language
単亜語
Chopstick Flag.jpg
Pronunciation[/tonu.a.o/]
Created by
Native toChina, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam
Native speakers3 (2014)
Language codes
ISO 639-1tao
ISO 639-2tao
ISO 639-3tao
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

単亜語 has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.

単亜語 Consonants
Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m /m/ n /n/
Plosives p /p/ t /t/ j /ts ~ tɕ ~ c/ k /k/
Fricatives s /s ~ ɕ/ h /h ~ ɦ ~ x/
Liquids l /l ~ ɾ/
Approximants w /w/ y /j/

While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.


単亜語 Vowels
Vowels
Front Central Back
High i /i ~ ɪ/ u /u ~ ɯ/
Mid e /e ~ e̞/ o /o ~ o̞/
Low a /a ~ ä/

Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!


Phonotactics

The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.


Simple Syllables
ø ア
a
/a/ 		エ
e
/e ~ je ~ ə/ 		イ
i
/i ~ ji/ 		オ
o
/o ~ wo/ 		ウ
u
/u ~ wu/
p パ
pa		 ペ
pe		 ピ
pi		 ポ
po		 プ
pu
t タ
ta		 テ
te		 チ
ti		 ト
to		 ツ
tu
j チャ
ja		 チェ
je		 チィ
ji		 チョ
jo		 チュ
ju
k カ
ka		 ケ
ke		 キ
ki		 コ
ko		 ク
ku
m マ
ma		 メ
me		 ミ
mi		 モ
mo		 ム
mu
n ナ
na		 ネ
ne		 ニ
ni		 ノ
no		 ヌ
nu
s サ
sa		 セ
se		 シ
si
/si ~ ɕi/		 ソ
so		 ス
su
h ハ
ha		 ヘ
he		 ヒ
hi		 ホ
ho		 フ
hu
l ラ
la		 レ
le		 リ
li		 ロ
lo		 ル
lu
w ワ
wa
/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/ 		ヱ
we
/we ~ wej/
y ヤ
ya 		ヨ
yo
/jo ~ joʊ̯/ 		ユ
yu
Hangŭl (for reference)
a e i o u
ø 아 에 이 오 우
p 바 베 비 보 부
t 다 데 디 도 두
j 자 제 지 조 주
k 가 게 기 고 구
m 마 메 미 모 무
n 나 네 니 노 누
s 사 세 시 소 수
h 하 헤 히 호 후
l 라 레 리 로 루
w 와 웨
y 야 요 유


Complex Syllables
an en in un ya
ø アン
an 		エン
en 		イン
in 		ウン
un
p パン
pan 		ペン
pen 		ピン
pin 		プン
pun 		ピャ
pya
t タン
tan 		テン
ten 		チン
tin 		ツン
tun
j チャン
jan 		チェン
jen 		チィン
jin 		チュン
jun
k カン
kan 		ケン
ken 		クン
kun
m マン
man 		メン
men 		ミン
min 		ムン
mun 		ミャ
mya
n ナン
nan 		ネン
nen 		ニン
nin 		ヌン
nun 		ニャ
nya
s サン
san 		セン
sen
/sen ~ ɕen/ 		シン
sin 		スン
sun 		シャ
sya
/sja ~ ɕa/
h ハン
han 		ヘン
hen 		フン
hun
l ラン
lan 		レン
len 		リン
lin 		ルン
lun 		リャ
lya
w ワン
wan
y ヤン
yan 		ユン
yun
Hangŭl (for reference)
an en in un ya
ø 안 엔 인 운
p 반 벤 빈 분 뱌
t 단 덴 딘 둔
j 잔 젠 진 준
k 간 겐 군
m 만 멘 민 문 먀
n 난 넨 닌 눈 냐
s 산 센 신 순 샤
h 한 헨 훈
l 란 렌 린 룬 랴
w 완
y 얀 윤


The complex syllables of 単亜語 are clearly much more limited.

Derivation

Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. 単亜語 tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC

Correspondences of initial consonants
Middle Chinese Sino-Vietnamese Sino-Korean Sino-Japanese Mandarin Cantonese 単亜語
Go-on Kan-on Tōsō-on
Labials 幫 p p > b p/pʰ ɸ > h ɸ > h ɸ > h p/f p/f p
滂 pʰ pʰ pʰ/f pʰ/f
並 b b b > b/ph/v pʰ/p/f pʰ/p/f
明 m m > m/v m m b[2] m m/w m m
Dentals 端 t t > đ t/tʰ t t t t t t
透 tʰ tʰ > th tʰ tʰ
定 d d > đ d tʰ/d tʰ/d
泥 n n n n d[3] n n n~l n
來 l l l r r r l l l
Retroflex nasal 娘 ɳ n n~ø n d n n~l ny
Retroflex stops 知 ʈ ʈ > tr tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ t t s tʂ ts t
徹 ʈʰ ʂ > s tʂʰ tsʰ
澄 ɖ ɖ > tr d tʂʰ, tʂ tsʰ, ts
Dental sibilants 精 ts s > t s s ts, tɕ ts j
清 tsʰ ɕ > th tsʰ, tɕʰ tsʰ
從 dz s > t z tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ tsʰ, ts
心 s s s s s s
邪 z z tsʰ, ts z, ʑ
俟 ʐ s z tʂʰ, s tsʰ, ts sy
Retroflex sibilants 莊 tʂ ʈ > tr tɕ/tɕʰ s tʂ, ts ts j
初 tʂʰ ʂ > s tʂʰ, tsʰ tsʰ
崇 dʐ z tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ tsʰ, ts, s
生 ʂ s s ʂ, s s sy
Palatals 章 tɕ c > ch tɕ/tɕʰ tʂ ts j
昌 tɕʰ tʃ > x tʂʰ tsʰ
禪 dʑ ɕ > th s z tʂʰ, ʂ tsʰ, ts, s
書 ɕ s ʂ s sy
船 ʑ z s tʂʰ, ʂ s
日 ny ɲ > nh z > ∅ n z z ɻ, ʔ j ny
以 j d ø j j j, w~ʋ j, w y
Velars 見 k k > c/g k/h k k k k, tɕ k, kʷ k
溪 kʰ kʰ > kh kʰ, tɕʰ h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ
群 g ɡ > c k g kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ
疑 ŋ ŋ > ng h g g ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n ŋ, ʔ, j ø
Laryngeals 影 ʔ ʔ > y ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ʔ, j, w~ʋ ʔ, j, w
曉 h h h k k x, ɕ h, f, j h
匣 ɦ ɣ > g/w x, ɕ h, w
云 ɦj v, h ø j j j, w~ʋ j, w ø

Syntax

Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. 単亜語 tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic V2 word order. Like most Asian languages, 単亜語 has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 nai is 'to be equal', 有 yu means 'to have', and 在 jai means 'to exist' or 'to be at'. Only 乃 nai may be dropped, and it usually is.

In the East Asian style, 単亜語 is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ he, derived from 兮 hei. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ u, derived from 于 yu. A genitive relationship is 之 ji which is not written in katakana most of the time.

To be added

由
from
至
until
似
like
Relationship Particle Etymology English Mandarin Cantonese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Topic ヘ he 兮 hei as for - - は wa 은/는 (n)ǔn cái
Vocative 哉 jai
Dative ウ u 于 yu to - - に ni 에게 ege đến
Genitive 之 ji of 的 de 嘅 ge の no 의 ǔi của
Instrumental イ i 以 i by 用 yòng 用 yung6 で de 로/으로 ro/ǔro
Locative オ o 於 o in, on, at 在 zài 喺 hai2 に ni 에 e
Comitative コ ko 共 konu together with
Assoc. Pl. ト to 等 tonu et. al. 們 men 哋 dei6 たち tachi 들 tǔl
Perfective リ li 已 i -ed 了 le 咗 jo2 た/だ ta/da 았/었 att/ǒtt đã
Progressive ツ tu 中 tunu -ing 아/어 a/ǒ
Subjunctive nya 若 nyaku may
Nominalizer ム mu 物 mutu -ed
Nominalizer シ si 事 ji -ing
Adnominalizer チ ti 之 ji
Adverbializer ヤ ya 様 yanu -ly
NP And ヨ yo 与 o and
VP And ニ ni 而 ni and

Sentence Final Particles

  • フ hu, derived from 乎 huo, forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.

Pronouns

Singular Plural
Casual First 我 a 我ト ato
Second 汝 no 汝ト noto
Third 彼人 pinin 彼人ト pininto
Singular Plural
Polite First One's given name One's given name-ト -to
Second 君 kun 君ト kunto
Third One's surname One's surname-ト -to


Classifiers

Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.

Classifier Use
人 nin people (general)
名 menu people (polite)
台 tai machines (computers, cars, etc)
匹 pitu animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
冊 jaku books, magazines, etc
杯 pei cups of some drink
枚 mei flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
条 teu long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
間 kan periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
個 ka anything else

Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.

Determiner Use Example
蛙 wa amphibians
鳥 teu birds Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu
魚 o fish nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o
虫 tunu invertebrates
獣 siu mammals
龍 lonu reptiles tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lonu
花 hua flowers
草 jau grass
木 moku trees, bushes
服 puku clothes kimono キモノ服 kimono-puku
飯 puen meals bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen

Demonstratives and indefinite

Demonstratives occur in the 此 ji-, 其 ki-, and 彼 pi- series. The 此 ji- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ki- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 pi- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ha-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.

Proximal
(此 ji-) 		Mesial
(其 ki-) 		Distal
(彼 pi-) 		Interrogative
(何 ha-) 		Negative
(無 miu-) 		Universal
(毎 mei-) 		Assertive
existential
(某 mou) 		Elective
existential
(? ?)
Adjective 此 ji
this 		其 ki
that 		彼 pi
that over there 		何 ha
what 		無 miu
no 		毎 mei
every 		某 mou
some
any
Thing (物 -mutu) 此物 jimutu
this one 		其物 kimutu
that one 		彼物 pimutu
that one over there 		何物 hamutu
which one 		無物 miumutu
nothing 		毎物 meimutu
everything 		某物 moumutu
something
anything
Person (人 -nin) 此人 jinin
this person 		其人 kinin
that person 		彼人 pinin
that person over there 		何人 hanin
who 		無人 miunin
nobody 		毎人 meinin
everybody 		某人 mounin
somebody
anybody
Place (処 -jo) 此処 jijo
here 		其処 kijo
there 		彼処 pijo
over there 		何処 hajo
where 		無処 miujo
nowhere 		毎処 meijo
everywhere 		某処 moujo
somewhere
anywhere
Time (時 -) 此時 jisi
now 		其時 kisi
then 		彼時 pisi
at that other time 		何時 hasi
when 		無時 miusi
never 		毎時 meisi
always 		某時 mousi
sometime
anytime
Manner (様 -yanu) 此様 jiyanu
in this manner 		其様 kiyanu
in that manner 		彼様 piyanu
in that other manner 		何様 hayanu
how 		某様 mouyanu
somehow
Quantity (多 -ta) 此多 jita
this many / much 		其多 kita
that many / much 		彼多 pita
in that other quantity 		何多 hata
how many / much
Kind (-chi)
like this
like that
like that other kind
what kind of
Reason (因 -in) 何因 hain
why

Lexica

  • Tonuao/Hanji - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese

Sample

Links

  1. CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group
  2. CJKV Auxlang Google sheets
  3. Sister language 単亜語

References

  1. ^ http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/
  2. ^ Yields m- in syllables ending in original -ng.
  3. ^ Yields n- in syllables ending in original -ng
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