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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| ===Nouns and adjectives===
| | :''Main article: [[Thensarian/Morphology]]'' |
| ====Masculine nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''δȳrom'' 'bird'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''δȳrom'' || ''δyδȳrom'' || ''δȳrīs''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''δȳrae'' || ''δyδȳrae'' || ''δȳrinny''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δȳrom'' - 'word'
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Construct
| |
| |''δȳrot''||''δȳror''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg possessor
| |
| |''δȳrōn''||''δȳroryn''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.m possessor
| |
| |''δȳrossi''||''δȳroressi''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.f possessor
| |
| |''δȳrossy''||''δȳroressy''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.m possessor
| |
| |''δȳrō''||''δȳrory''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.f possessor
| |
| |''δȳrī''||''δȳrorī''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.n possessor
| |
| |''δȳra''||''δȳrora''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1exc possessor
| |
| |''δȳrommo''||''δȳrorammo''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1inc possessor
| |
| |''δȳront''||''δȳrorynt''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl possessor
| |
| |''δȳrocca''||''δȳrorecca''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl possessor
| |
| |''δȳrōr''||''δȳrorōr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Feminine nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gondā'' - 'body'
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Construct
| |
| |''gondāt''||''gondanna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg possessor
| |
| |''gondaen''||''gondannan''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.m possessor
| |
| |''gondaessi''||''gondannassi''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.f possessor
| |
| |''gondaessy''||''gondannassy''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.m possessor
| |
| |''gondae''||''gondanny''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.f possessor
| |
| |''gondaeī''||''gondannī''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.n possessor
| |
| |''gondaea''||''gondanna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1exc possessor
| |
| |''gondaemmo''||''gondannammo''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1inc possessor
| |
| |''gondaent''||''gondannynt''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl possessor
| |
| |''gondaecca''||''gondannecca''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl possessor
| |
| |''gondaeōr''||''gondannōr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Neuter nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''tecty'' 'child'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''tecty'' || ''tetecty'' || ''tectȳn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''tectys'' || ''tetectys'' || ''tectȳr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tecty'' - 'child'
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Construct
| |
| |''tectyt''||''tectȳsi''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg possessor
| |
| |''tectyn''||''tectȳsin''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.m possessor
| |
| |''tectyssi''||''tectȳssi''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.f possessor
| |
| |''tectyssy''||''tectȳssy''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.m possessor
| |
| |''tectymy''||''tectȳsiō''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.f possessor
| |
| |''tectymī''||''tectȳsī''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.n possessor
| |
| |''tectyma''||''tectȳsia''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1exc possessor
| |
| |''tectȳmmo''||''tectȳsimmo''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1inc possessor
| |
| |''tectȳnt''||''tectȳsint''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl possessor
| |
| |''tectȳcca''||''tectȳsicca''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl possessor
| |
| |''tectymōr''||''tectȳsiōr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Mass nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''jenaȝes'' || ''jenenaȝes''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
| |
| | |
| #switch-reference marker
| |
| #applicative or derivational prefixes
| |
| #object prefix
| |
| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
| |
| #'''STEM'''
| |
| #voice suffix
| |
| #TAM + subject
| |
| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
| |
| | |
| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
| |
| | |
| ====Object markers====
| |
| *1sg: ''ni-''
| |
| *2sg: ''ri-''
| |
| *3sg: ''bi-''
| |
| *1pl.ex: ''mē-''
| |
| *1pl.ex: ''dē-''
| |
| *2pl: ''sē-''
| |
| *3pl: ''nē-''
| |
| | |
| ====TAM + subject markers====
| |
| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. | |
| | |
| *Consonant stems: (-y-)
| |
| *Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
| |
| | |
| The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
| |
| *''cacsyn'''is''''' = I eat
| |
| *''nīs cacsyn'' = I do not eat
| |
| =====Present=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''nis''' || tore'''nis''' || cacsy'''nis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''ris''' || tore'''ris''' || cacsy'''ris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''mis''' || tore'''mis''' || cacsy'''mis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''sis''' || tore'''sis''' || cacsy'''sis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''s''' || tore'''s''' || cacsy'''s'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''mēs''' || tore'''mēs''' || cacsy'''mēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntis''' || tore'''ntis''' || cacsy'''ntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''sces''' || tore'''sces''' || cacsy'''sces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tis''' || tore'''tis''' || cacsy'''tis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''n''' || nīs tore'''n''' || nīs cacsy'''n'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''r''' || nīs tore'''r''' || nīs cacsy'''r'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''m''' || nīs tore'''m''' || nīs cacsy'''m'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''si''' || nīs tore'''si''' || nīs cacsy'''si'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs cacsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''mē''' || nīs tore'''mē''' || nīs cacsy'''mē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''nt''' || nīs tore'''nt''' || nīs cacsy'''nt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''sce''' || nīs tore'''sce''' || nīs cacsy'''sce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''t''' || nīs tore'''t''' || nīs cacsy'''t'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect=====
| |
| Uses reduplication:
| |
| *Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant
| |
| *Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel
| |
| | |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tetussa'''nis''' || tetore'''nis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tetussa'''ris''' || tetore'''ris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tetussa'''mis''' || tetore'''mis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tetussa'''sis''' || tetore'''sis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tetussa'''s''' || tetore'''s'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tetussa'''mēs''' || tetore'''mēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tetussa'''ntis''' || tetore'''ntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tetussa'''sces''' || tetore'''sces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tetussa'''tis''' || tetore'''tis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tetussa'''n''' || nīs tetore'''n'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tetussa'''r''' || nīs tetore'''r'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tetussa'''m''' || nīs tetore'''m'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tetussa'''si''' || nīs tetore'''si'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tetussa'''mē''' || nīs tetore'''mē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tetussa'''nt''' || nīs tetore'''nt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tetussa'''sce''' || nīs tetore'''sce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tetussa'''t''' || nīs tetore'''t'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Preterite=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''nnemis''' || tore'''nnemis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''rȳs''' || tore'''rȳs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''smis''' || tore'''smis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''stis''' || tore'''stis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''sos''' || tore'''sos'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''meris''' || tore'''meris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''nteris''' || tore'''nteris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''sceris''' || tore'''sceris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''teris''' || tore'''teris'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''nnem''' || nīs tore'''nnem'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''rȳ''' || nīs tore'''rȳ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''smi''' || nīs tore'''smi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''sti''' || nīs tore'''sti'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''so''' || nīs tore'''so'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''mer''' || nīs tore'''mer'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''nter''' || nīs tore'''nter'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''scer''' || nīs tore'''scer'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''ter''' || nīs tore'''ter'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''tēnis''' || tore'''tēnis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''tēris''' || tore'''tēris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''tēmis''' || tore'''tēmis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''tēsis''' || tore'''tēsis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''tēs''' || tore'''tēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''tēmēs''' || tore'''tēmēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''tēntis''' || tore'''tēntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''tēsces''' || tore'''tēsces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tētis''' || tore'''tētis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''tēn''' || nīs tore'''tēn'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''tēr''' || nīs tore'''tēr'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''tēm''' || nīs tore'''tēm'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''tēsi''' || nīs tore'''tēsi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''tē''' || nīs tore'''tē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''tēmē''' || nīs tore'''tēmē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''tēnt''' || nīs tore'''tēnt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''tēsce''' || nīs tore'''tēsce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''tēt''' || nīs tore'''tēt'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''naes''' || tore'''naes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''raes''' || tore'''raes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''mioris''' || tore'''mioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''sioris''' || tore'''sioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tuss'''oris''' || tor'''ioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''maes''' || tore'''maes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntaes''' || tore'''ntaes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''scaes''' || tore'''scaes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tioris''' || tore'''tioris'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || δā tussa'''nae''' || δā tore'''nae'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tussa'''rae''' || δā tore'''rae'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || δā tussa'''mior''' || δā tore'''mior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || δā tussa'''sior''' || δā tore'''sior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || δā tuss'''or''' || δā tor'''ior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || δā tussa'''mae''' || δā tore'''tēmē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussa'''ntae''' || δā tore'''tēnt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussa'''scae''' || δā tore'''tēsce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || δā tussa'''tior''' || δā tore'''tēt'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Optative=====
| |
| *1sg ''-dun(is)''?
| |
| *2sg ''-dur(is)''
| |
| *3sg.m ''-dum(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f ''-dusi(s)''
| |
| *3sg.n ''-du(s)''
| |
| *1ex ''-dumā(s)''
| |
| *1in ''-dunt(is)''
| |
| *2pl ''-dusce(s)''
| |
| *3pl ''-dut(is)''
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tuss'''ās'''! || tor'''ēs'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntēs!''' || tore'''ntēs'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''scēs!''' || tore'''scēs'''!
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tuss'''ā'''! || δā tor'''ē'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussa'''ntē!''' || δā tore'''ntē'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussa'''scē!''' || δā tore'''scē'''!
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Derivational morphology===
| |
| *''ar-, afor-'' = telic
| |
| *''fer-'' = nominalizer
| |
| *''ēs-'' = co-, together
| |
| *''-ro-'' = passive marker
| |
| *''-t-'' = a causative marker
| |
| | |
| ===Numbers===
| |
| *1: ''cēmym''
| |
| *2: ''tiθōr''
| |
| *3: ''narge''
| |
| *4: ''δaobe''
| |
| *5: ''salithe''
| |
| *6: ''stāmym''
| |
| *7: ''rōde''
| |
| *8: ''lorede''
| |
| *9: ''barve''
| |
| *10: ''ħiōr''
| |
| *11: ''jācēmym''
| |
| *12: ''naesā''
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |