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| : I don’t know why (s)he said it. | | : I don’t know why (s)he said it. |
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| ===Dependent clauses=== | | ===Conditional sentences=== |
| ====Conditional sentences====
| | Conditional sentences in Chlouvānem grammar are those generally introduced by the particle '''pū''', meaning "if". There are two general categories of conditional sentences: real and hypothetical. |
| Chlouvānem grammar distinguishes three basic types of conditional sentences, two of them with two tenses, the other one with three. They are distinguished by the use of different moods and tenses: | | |
| * ''Factual conditional'': statement expressing an implication; the if-clause is in hypothetical imperfective, the main in indicative present. If the action took place in the past, then the if-clause is in hypothetical perfective and the main in indicative past:
| | Real sentences are those where the sentence expresses an implication that is always true. These sentences are generally in the indicative mood; note that in real, just like in hypothetical, sentences, ''mārim'' (then) is optionally used in order to introduce the second clause: |
| ** ''yālvoe nakitatṛ tæyālvė'' - if you put sugar [in it], [it] becomes sweet.
| | : ''pū nāmvinilь (mārim) tåh ryukaši.'' "if you hit him/her/it, you hurt him/her/it." |
| ** ''ilėnimartom mordhāttųs chlouvānumi bhælė moçi'' - if you flew to Ilėnimarta, you've been in the Chlouvānem lands.
| | : ''pū yañšu udhyuʔesnilь tafluniṣya.'' "if you have called her [honorific], she will come." |
| * ''Predictive conditional'': statement expressing something that will become true if certain conditions are met. Three tenses are distinguished:
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| ** Past, if the condition has been met in the past, then the statement either is now true or is about to be true; the if-clause is in hypothetical perfective and the main in indicative present: ''drāttųssŏvå flundām yųlėmiumьsŏ'' - if you have done it, we [two] go eat. | | Hypothetical sentences are those where the result may be or might have been true if the condition gets/would have been fulfilled. There are two main possibilities:
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| ** Present, if the condition is being fulfilled and the statement will become true in the future; the if-clause is in hypothetical imperfective and the main in indicative future: ''dratųssŏvå fluniṣṭām yųlėmiumьsŏ'' - if you do it, we [two]'ll go eat.
| | * Present conditions, where the condition either might be fulfilled or just can't at all. They are similar in structure to real sentences with present tense conditions, but, if the condition is fulfillable, they differ in the fact that the condition, is not likely to happen, or is used as a warning. The condition (''pū-clause'') is always in the imperfective subjunctive; the second clause may be in the indicative (carrying an implicate result) or in the subjunctive (implying a wish): |
| ** Future, if the condition will be met in the future. This is often accurately translated as "when... then..."; the if-clause is in hypothetical perfective and the main in indicative future: ''drāttųssŏvå fluniṣṭām yųlėmiumьsŏ'' - when you will have done it, we [two]'ll go eat.
| | : ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti samvaru kitu lgutevitaṃnilь.'' "if I had more of money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a bigger house." |
| * ''Hypothetical conditional'': hypothetic and often counterfactual statement, distinguishing two tenses:
| | : ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti chloucæm lilatiam.'' "if I had more money, I'd live (impf. aspect) better." |
| ** Non-past, typically used for completely unreal statements whose implications would be active in the present or in the future; both clauses are in the hypothetical mood, the if-one in the either aspect and the main in the imperfective, usually divided by ''mārim'' if they're in the same aspect (here meaning "then"): ''rahėlliląs gyatiam mārim dadarasyasusat tṛlirtam'' - if I were a doctor, I would know what's to be done // ''rahėlliląs gyāttiam dadarasyasusat tṛlirtam'' - if I had been a doctor, I would know what's to be done.
| | : ''pū nanū pāṭṭarudrīderi nanū tṛliriṣyari/tṛlirdia.'' "if you two study more, you two would know/understand more." Note that in such a sentence there's no difference between using a future (e.g. ''tṛliriṣyari'' here) or a present indicative (''tṛlirdia'' here).
: ''pū liliā bunā gėrisa gīti tami liliā bunā gu gīti ša'' "if my father were a lake, he wouldn't be my father." |
| ** Past, used for implications which could have been true in the past but weren't; both clauses are in hypothetical perfective, usually divided by ''mārim'': ''rahėlliląs gyāttiam mārim dadarasyasusat tṛleartiam'' - if I had been a doctor, I would have known what had to be done<ref>Note that "what had to be done" translates a present participle, as the tense of the participle is subordinate to the main verb. Using the past or perfect participle would result in the meaning of "what had had to be done".</ref>. | | * Unfulfillable past conditions, where the condition could have been fulfilled in the past but wasn't. The ''pū-''clause is always in perfective subjunctive, while the other may be either imperfective or perfective depending on the meaning. |
| | : ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃnilь yaiva gātarah gīti.'' "if I had said 'yes', everything would be different (now)." |
| | : ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃnilь tami gu nagyevite ša.'' "if I had said 'yes', that wouldn't have happened." |
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| ==Vocabulary== | | ==Vocabulary== |