Kola: Difference between revisions
| Line 215: | Line 215: | ||
|+ Consonant phonemes | |+ Consonant phonemes | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" | Labial | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" | Coronal | ||
! rowspan="2" | Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar | ||
! colspan="2" | Velar | ! colspan="2" | Velar/Uvular | ||
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal | ! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal | ||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! plain | ! plain | ||
! labialized | ! labialized | ||
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! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | |||
| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
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! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| pʼ | | pʼ | ||
| tʼ | | tʼ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| kʼ | | kʼ | ||
| kʷʼ | | kʷʼ | ||
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! aspirated | ! aspirated | ||
| pʰ | | pʰ | ||
| tʰ | | tʰ | ||
| | | | ||
| kʰ | | kʰ | ||
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! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| b | | b | ||
| d | | d | ||
| | | | ||
| ɡ | | ɡ | ||
| ɡʷ | | ɡʷ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | Affricate | ! rowspan="3" | Affricate | ||
! ejective | ! ejective | ||
| | | | ||
| t͡sʼ | | t͡sʼ | ||
| t͡ʃʼ | | t͡ʃʼ | ||
| | | | ||
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! aspirated | ! aspirated | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| t͡ʃʰ | | t͡ʃʰ | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| d͡ʒ | | d͡ʒ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ||
! voiceless | ! voiceless | ||
| f | | f | ||
| s | | s | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
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! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| v | | v | ||
| z | | z | ||
| (ʒ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| (ʒ)<small><sup> | |||
| ʁ | | ʁ | ||
| ʁʷ | | ʁʷ | ||
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! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| l | |||
| j | | j | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan = "2" | Tap/Trill | ! colspan = "2" | Tap/Trill | ||
| | | | ||
| r | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
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<small><sup>1</sup></small> The consonants /tʼ, tʰ, d, s, z/ may be either apical or laminal in the standard language. The stops /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ may be dental or alveolar. | <small><sup>1</sup></small> The consonants /tʼ, tʰ, d, s, z/ may be either apical or laminal in the standard language. The stops /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ may be dental or alveolar. | ||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> The consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively. In these dialects,/tʼ, tʰ, d/ are laminal and/or dental.--> | |||
<small><sup> | <small><sup>1</sup></small> The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||