Scellan/Sketchbook: Difference between revisions
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The future tense is ergative; it is derived from Thensarian ''lē'' + present participle (cf. German, where ''zu'' + active participle is the gerundive). | The future tense is ergative; it is derived from Thensarian ''lē'' + present participle (cf. German, where ''zu'' + active participle is the gerundive). | ||
:''Li harai haη de | :''Li harai haη de tarsud.'' | ||
:He will go to school. | :He will go to school. | ||
Revision as of 02:29, 3 January 2018
Scellan/Sketchbook (English: /bɪˈnɔɪkiən/) is a southern Talmic language descended from Thensarian. The phonology is inspired by Ashkenazi Hebrew and Portuguese.
Historical phonology
- p t c > b d g (like Spanish)
- -φ- vanishes
- b d g often lenites to v z Ø
- str > sr
- Stress shift: non-initial stressed vowels are marked with acute accent
- How does Benocian borrow Windermere words?
- 1: cêƞ /kɛ̃/
- 2: têxôr‚ têx /tes/
- 3: nâge
- 4: lov
- 5: orv
- 6: cuv
- 7: xol
- 8: zic
- 9: ad
- 10: gar
- 11: vem
- 12: clut
- nis = not
- ax = and (Clofabic)
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n~l/ | n [ŋ] | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ tx /ts/ |
ŧ /t͡ʃ/ | c /k/ | (ȝ /ʔ/)1 | |
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | x, ss /s/ | s /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | ||
voiced | v /v/ | z /z/ | j /ʒ/ | l, ħ /ʁ~h/ | |||
Approximant | r /r/ |
- 1 Silent in everyday speech.
In addition, the letter h is used as a silent letter.
Borrowing Windermere consonants
- m n ng → m n n
- b d g → b d g
- p t c ' → p t c ȝ
- ts tł → tx ŧ
- f th ch → f~v x~z ch
- s ł ș h → x s s ħ
- w r y l → v r j l
Vowels
Bênôcian has 7 basic vowels: /i u e ø o ɛ a/.
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Vowel reduction
Vowels are reduced in unstressed syllables.
Phoneme | Reduced |
---|---|
/i/ | [ɪ] |
/u/ | [ʊ] |
/e/ | [ɪ] |
/ø/ | [ʏ] |
/a/ | [ə] |
/ɔ/ | [ə] |
/ɐ̃/, /œ̃/ | [ə̃] |
/ɛ̃/ | [ɪ̃] |
Borrowing Windermere vowels
Windermere vowels
a e i o u y 〈a e i o u ü〉 → a e i o u i
iə eə uə oə yə 〈ie ea ua oa üe〉 → ia ea ua oa ia
ə 〈ă〉 (in unstressed syllables → a
Stress
Non-penultimate stress is marked with an acute accent.
Orthography
Scellan/Sketchbook orthography is fairly conservative compared to its pronunciation.
Morphology
Nouns
The masculine and feminine genders in Thensarian has collapsed into the common gender.
The definite article is eƞ.
A common noun:
mâro 'tree' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Plurative | ||
Absolute | mâro | mấroes | |
Construct | mâroz | mấrous |
A neuter noun:
stus 'fire' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Plurative | ||
Absolute | stus | stun | |
Construct | stuz | stuus |
Common: mâro, mâriƞ = trees
Neuter: tiƞs, tiƞr = hand
Neuter: stus, stur = fire
Neuter: teŧas, teŧar = child
Gender in borrowings
Foreign nouns are assigned gender according to animacy: animates become common nouns, and inanimates become neuter nouns.
Adjectives
Verbs
Bênôcian verbs are significantly simpler than Thensarian verbs, though the multiple infinitives of Thensarian have survived.
Ablaut patterns for strong verbs
Present indicative
Person | tôssânâ "I invoke" (a-stem) |
torenâ "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
elinâ "I love" (i-stem/C-stem) |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | tôssânâ | torenâ | elinâ |
2SG | tôssâr | torer | elir |
3SG | tôssâ | tore | el |
1PL | tôssáƞs | toréƞs | elíƞs |
2PL | tôssấc | toréc | elíc |
3PL | tôssâ | tore | el |
Past indicative
Person | tôssânâ "I invoke" (a-stem) |
torenâ "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
elinâ "I love" (i-stem/C-stem) |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | tôssâz | torez | eliz |
2SG | tôssâi | torei | elii |
3SG | tôssâso | toreso | eliso |
1PL | tôssáƞr | toréƞr | elíƞr |
2PL | tôssâcer | torecer | elicer |
3PL | tôssâso | toreso | eliso |
Present subjunctive
Person | tôssânâ "I invoke" (a-stem) |
torenâ "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
elinâ "I love" (i-stem/C-stem) |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | tôssaj | torej | elij |
2SG | tôssare | torere | elire |
3SG | tôssor | torior | elior |
1PL | tôssante | torente | elinte |
2PL | tôssace | torece | elice |
3PL | tôssor | torior | elior |
Past subjunctive
Person | tôssânâ "I invoke" (a-stem) |
torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
elinâ "I love" (i-stem/C-stem) |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | tôssấzoƞ | tórezoƞ | elizoƞ |
2SG | tôssấzor | tórezor | elizor |
3SG | tôssấzo | tórezo | elizo |
1PL | tôssâzóƞs | torezóƞs | elizóƞs |
2PL | tôssâzóc | torezóc | elizóc |
3PL | tôssấzo | tórezo | elizo |
Future
The future tense is ergative; it is derived from Thensarian lē + present participle (cf. German, where zu + active participle is the gerundive).
- Li harai haη de tarsud.
- He will go to school.
- Li cassis eη glexanos tri nâ.
- I will eat the potato.
Future participle of cassiη 'eat' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Plurative | ||
Common | li cassi | li cassiƞ | |
Neuter | li cassis | li cassir | |
Construct | li cassiz | li cassius |
Infinitives
The Thensarian -s infinitive has been lost; the present subjunctive is used instead, as in Arabic or Greek.
- Jozanâ rê êstijaj slâma. = "I want to feel good."
- Nis joza haη rê haror de tarsuz cresiη. = "He doesn't want to go to school today."
An infinitive: tôssâgos (used in nominalized clauses)
- Carsajes tôssâgos. = "It is exhausting to cast spells./Invocation is exhausting."
Another infinitive: tôssav (used with prepositions such as gil and de)
- drếvjor haη gil cássiviz haη = "He avoided eating it."
Derivational morphology
From... | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noun | Verb | Adjective or Determiner |
Adverb | ||
To... | Noun | -veη, -veniη (agentive) | -veη, -veniη (agentive) | ||
Verb | |||||
Adjective or Determiner |
|||||
Adverb | - |
Syntax
Bênôcian syntax is VSO.