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| # Rompóy kurasno rayro ita-tā'itá'. "The girls played with the dogs." | | # Rompóy kurasno rayro ita-tā'itá'. "The girls played with the dogs." |
| # Rompóy kurasno tarayro ita-tā'itá'. "The dogs played with the girls." | | # Rompóy kurasno tarayro ita-tā'itá'. "The dogs played with the girls." |
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| =====Voice and Tense=====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| ! rowspan="2" |Tense-Aspect !! colspan="2" | Number
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| ! Example | Singular || Plural
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| | Example || Example || Example
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| | Example || Example || Example
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| |}
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| The Nankôre verb is rich in voice and tense distinctions. These distinctions are combined in an auxiliary verb, formed by adding one or more prefixes to the copular verb ''itá'' /ɪ'taʔ/, hence this auxiliary is called the ''itá''-verb. The ''itá''-auxiliary verb is always clause final, the main verb and any other VP particles preceding it. Some voices also encode formality, with the long forms, e.g. ''man'itá', suphitá', tā'itá', hô'itá', and pā'itá' '', used for formal situations, and the short forms ''manta'/nitá', supta', tayta', hoyta''', and ''pitáh'' for informal conversation among friends and family.
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| Note that the Present Inverse form ''tā'itá''' is identical in form with that of the Past Direct form. Fortunately, the Inverse Voice is double-marked: the enclitic ''ta='' and its allomorphs ''tā=/tah=/tāh='' cliticizes to the main verb so no ambiguity arises.
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| HAS = High Animate Singular
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| HAP = High Animate Plural
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| LAS = Low Animate Singular
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| LAP = Low Animate Plural
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| ! !!colspan='4'| Present !! colspan='4'|Mythological Past !! colspan='4'| Distal Past !! colspan='4'|Past!! colspan='4'|Recent Morning Past !! colspan='4'| Future
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| ! !! HAS x LAS !! HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP|| HAS x LAS ||HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP || HAS x LAS ||HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP|| HAS/LAS ||HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP|| HAS x LAS ||HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP|| HAS x LAS ||HAS x LAP || HAP x LAS ||HAP x LAP
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| ! style="" | Direct
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| | itá'|| itâ' || titá' ||titâ' ||man'itá', manta', nitá' || man'itâ', mantâ', nitâ' || timan'itá', timanta', tintá' || timan'itâ', timantâ', tintâ' || suphitá', supta'||suphitâ', suptâ'|| tisuphitá', cupta' || tisuphitâ', cuptâ' || tā'itá', tayta' || tā'itâ', taytâ' || titā'itá', titayta' || titā'itâ', titaytâ' || hô'itá', hoyta' || hô'itâ', hoytâ' || tihô'itá', tihoyta' ||tihô'itâ', tihoytâ' || pā'itáhi, pitáh || pā'itâhi, pitâh || tipā'itáhi, tiptáh || tipā'itâhi, tiptâh
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| ! style=""| Inverse
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| | tā'itá', tayta'||x||x||x|| taman'itá', tamanta'||x||x||x|| tahorish'itá', taroshta'||x||x||x|| tahortā'itá', tahorta'||x||x||x|| tahorô'itá', taróyta' || x||x||x|| tahorpā'itáhi, torpáytah||x||x||x
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| ! style=""| Simple Causative
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| | shiphitá'||x||x||x|| mashpitá' ||x||x||x || ishpitá'||x||x||x|| tashpitá'||x||x||x|| hoshpitá'||x||x||x|| pashpitáhi, pashpitah||x||x||x
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| ! style=""| Double Causative
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| | shipshiphitá'|| mashishpitá'|| ishishpitá'|| tashishpitá'|| hoshishpitá'|| pashishpitáhi, pashishpitah
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| ! style=""| Intransitive Active
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| | kitá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá', takta'|| hôkitá', hokta' || pākitáhi, paktah
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| ! style=""| Intransitive Stative
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| | itá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá', takta'|| hôkitá', hokta' || pākitáhi, paktah
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| ! style=""| Passive
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| | horkitá'|| horankitá'|| horishkitá'|| hortākitá', hortakta|| horôkitá', horokta || horpākitáhi, horpaktah
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| ! style=""| Reflexive
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| | shorkitá' || mashorkitá'|| ishorkitá'|| tashorkitá'|| hoshorkitá' || pashorkitáhi, pashorkitáh
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| ! style=""| Reciprocal
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| | soshorkitá' || masoshorkitá'|| isoshorkitá'|| tasoshorkitá'|| hososhorkitá' || pasoshorkitáhi, pasoshorkitah
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| ! style=""| Middle/Inchoative
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| | hankitá'|| mankitá'|| yankitá'|| tankitá'|| honkitá'||pankitáhi
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| |}
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| <br/>
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| Nankôre has five intransitive voices, two basic Intransitive voices, one for Active verbs and another for Stative verbs; a Passive-Direct, a Reflexive, and a Reciprocal. A submorpheme ''-k-'' is found in all four intransitive voices, although it is lacking in the Present Tense form of the Intransitive Stative Form. The Active and Stative Intransitive forms are otherwise identical.
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| The Passive demotes a '''lower animate''' core argument, which is then relegated to oblique status or is dropped from the clause. All Intransitive voices are incompatible with the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' that cliticizes to the main verb.
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| Detransitive Voices I and II remove one of the core arguments in a transitive clause, thus changing its argument structure by decreasing its valency. The Detransitive I voice removes the core NP argument that has the higher animacy level, and the Detransitive II voice removes the core NP that is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy. The reason that "Passive" and "Antipassive" do not apply is because they are concerned with removing an Agent, in the case of the Passive, or a Patient in the case of the Antipassive. However, it is important to remember that the Agent and Patient roles between the two core arguments of a transitive structure are determined by two factors: their positions in the Animacy Heirarchy with respect to one another, and the presence or absence of the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' affix on both the main verb and the auxiliary.
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| # ''Nan rompóy yashpa tā'itá' '' "The man hit the dog" (''nan''/man = Agent, ''rompóy''/dog = Patient; Direct Voice - Past Tense)
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| # ''Nan rompóy ta-yashpa tahortā'itá' '' "The dog hit the man" (''nan''/man = Agent, ''rompóy''/dog = Patient; Inverse Voice - Past Tense)
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| # ''Rompóy yashpa tākitá' '' "The dog hit" (''tākitá''' = Detransitive I - Past Tense; here, the more animate ''nan''/man was removed, while ''rompóy''/dog which is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy was retained as Agent)
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| # ''Nan yashpa hortākitá' '' "The man hit" (''hortākitá''' = Detransitive II - Past Tense; here, the less animate ''rompóy''/dog was removed, and the more animate argument ''nan''/man was retained as Agent)
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| In clause chains, the Detransitive I voice is used to remove the higher animate NP from the argument structure. This allows for the lower animate argument to serve as the pivot for succeeding chains and allows the speaker to apply PRO-drop. The Detransitive II voice, in removing the lower animate argument, ensures that the higher animate NP is retained to serve as the pivot for the succeeding clauses, thus again allowing the speaker to apply PRO-drop without causing ambiguity. If a clause containing a verb in the Detransitive I voice is followed by another clause containing a verb in the Detransitive II voice, or vice versa, the result is similar to languages that use switch-reference to signal which argument is serving the role as Subject.
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| ===== Finals ===== | | ===== Finals ===== |