User:Anyar/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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==Vocabulary comparison==<!-- This section is linked from [[Gothic language]] -->
==Vocabulary comparison==<!-- This section is linked from [[Gothic language]] -->
Several of the terms in the table below have had [[semantic drift]]. For example, the form ''Sterben'' and other terms for ''die'' are [[cognates]] with the English word ''starve''. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (''ounce'' and its cognates from [[Latin]]).
Several of the terms in the table below have had [[semantic drift]]. For example, the form ''Sterben'' and other terms for ''die'' are [[cognates]] with the English word ''starve''. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a non-Germanic source (''ounce'' and its cognates from [[Latin]]).
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|-
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! rowspan="2" | English
! [[Scots language|Scots]]<ref>The spellings used are those based on the prestigious literary conventions described in the article Modern Scots. Others spelling variants may be encountered in written Scots, e.g. aipil (apple), buik (book), huik (hook), houss (house) and monie (many).</ref>
! colspan="9" | Upper Minhast
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! colspan="2" | Western Minhast
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! Gullic
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! colspan="3" | Lower Minhast
! [[Limburgish]]
! Montaine
! [[Low German]]
! [[Central German|Central<br />German]]<br />([[Luxemburgish|Luxembourg]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Nynorsk)]]
|-
|-
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli<ref>The cognate means 'potato'. The correct word is 'Súrepli'.</ref> || äpple || æble || eple || eple
! Classical Minhast
! Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker)
! Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker)
! Dūy min Kirmast (Salmon Speaker)
! Hašlua min Kirmast (Wolf Speaker)
! Kaslub min Kirmast (Dog Speaker)
! Nurrappam Kirmast (Bear Speaker)
! Yattaxmin Kirmast (Fox Speaker)
! Modern Standard Minhast
! Naggikim Kirmast (Elk Speaker)
! Hurkadim Kirmast (Seal Speaker)
! Annea min Kirmast (Gull Speaker)
! Neyūn min Kirmast (Osprey Speaker)
! Šunnekim Kirmast (Egret Speaker)
! City Speaker
! Banakim Kirmast (Stone Speaker)
|-
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| bear
| bear
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| bjørn
| bjørn
| bjørn
| bjørn
| bjørn
| bear
|-
| beech || beech || boeke || beuk || beuk || beuk || Böök || Bich || Buche || — || 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰<br />(bōka),<ref name="Bōka">Attested meaning 'letter', but also means beech in other Germanic languages, cf. Russian buk 'beech', bukva 'letter', maybe from Gothic.</ref><br /> -𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃<br />(-bagms) || beyki || bók<br />(artræ) || bok || bøg || bok || bok, bøk
|-
| board || buird || board || bord || boord || bórdj || Boord || Briet || Brett<ref name="Bord">''Brett'' is used in the South, ''Bord'' is used additionally in the North</ref> || ברעט<br />(bret) || 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳<br />(baúrd) || borð || borð || bord || bord || bord || bord
|-
| book || beuk || boek || boek || boek || book || Book || Buch || Buch || בוך<br />(bukh) || 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰<br />(bōka) || bók || bók || bok || bog || bok || bok
|-
| breast || breest || boarst || bors || borst || boors || Bost || Broscht || Brust || ברוסט<br />(brust) || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃<br />(brusts) || brjóst || bróst, bringa || bröst || bryst || bryst || bryst
|-
| brown || broun || brún || bruin || bruin || bruun || broen || brong || braun || ברוין<br />(broyn) || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃<br />(bruns) || brúnn || brúnur || brun || brun || brun || brun
|-
| day || day || dei || dag || dag || daag || Dag || Dag || Tag || טאָג<br />(tog) || 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃<br />(dags) || dagur || dagur || dag || dag || dag || dag
|-
| dead || deid || dea || dood || dood || doed || doot || dout || tot || טויט<br />(toyt) || 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃<br />(dauþs) || dauður || deyður || död || død || død || daud
|-
| die, starve || dee, stairve || stjerre || sterf || sterven || stèrve || staarven || stierwen || sterben || שטאַרבן<br />(shtarbn) || 𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽<br />(diwan) || deyja || doyggja || dö || dø || dø || døy, starva
|-
| enough || eneuch || genôch || genoeg || genoeg || genóg || noog || genuch, genug || genug || גענוג<br />(genug) || 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌷𐍃<br />(ganōhs) || nóg || nóg, nógmikið || nog || nok || nok || nok
|-
| finger || finger || finger || vinger || vinger || veenger || Finger || Fanger || Finger || פֿינגער<br />(finger) || 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃<br />(figgrs) || fingur || fingur || finger || finger || finger || finger
|-
| give || gie || jaan || gee || geven || geve || geven || ginn || geben || געבן<br />(gebn) || 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽<br />(giban) || gefa || geva || ge, giva || give || gi || gje(va)
|-
| glass || gless || glês || glas || glas || glaas || Glas || Glas || Glas || גלאָז<br />(gloz) || — || glas || glas || glas || glas || glass || glas
|-
| gold || gowd || goud || goud || goud || goud, góldj || Gold, Guld || Gold || Gold || גאָלד<br />(gold) || 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸<br />(gulþ) || gull || gull || guld, gull || guld || gull || gull
|-
| good || guid || goed || goed || goed || good || goot || gutt || gut || גוט<br />(gut) || 𐌲𐍉𐌸(𐌹𐍃)<br />(gōþ(is)) || góð(ur), gott || góð(ur), gott || god || god || god || god
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Scots language|Scots]]
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! [[Limburgish]]
! [[Low German]]
! [[Central German|Central<br />German]]<br />([[Luxemburgish|Luxembourg]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Nynorsk)]]
|-
| hand || haund || hân || hand || hand || hand || Hand || Hand || Hand || האַנט<br />(hant) || 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃<br />(handus) || hönd || hond || hand || hånd || hånd || hand
|-
| head || heid || holle || hoof,<ref name="hoof">Now only used in compound words such as ''hoofpyn'' (headache) and metaphorically, such as ''hoofstad'' (capital city).</ref> kop<ref name="kopf">From an old Latin borrowing, akin to "cup".</ref> || hoofd, kop<ref name="kopf" /> || kop<ref name="kopf" /> || Hööft, Kopp<ref name="kopf" /> || Kopp,<ref name="kopf" /> Kapp || Haupt, Kopf<ref name="kopf" /> || הויפט, קאָפּ<br />(hoypt, kop)<ref name="kopf">From an old Latin borrowing, akin to "cup".</ref> || 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸<br />(háubiþ) || höfuð || høvd, høvur || huvud || hoved || hode || hovud
|-
| high || heich || heech || hoog || hoog || hoeg || hooch || héich || hoch || הויך<br />(hoykh) || 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷<br />(háuh) || hár || høg, ur || hög || høj || høy, høg || høg
|-
| home || hame || hiem || heim,<ref name="heim">Archaic: now only used in compound words such as 'heimwee' (homesickness).</ref> tuis<ref name="tuis">From a compound phrase akin to "to house"</ref> || heem, heim,<ref name="heim" /> thuis<ref name="tuis" /> || thoes<ref name="tuis" /> || Tohuus,<ref name="tuis" /> Heem || Heem || Heim(at) || היים<br />(heym) || 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌸<br />(háimōþ) || heim || heim || hem || hjem || hjem, heim || heim
|-
| hook, crook || heuk || hoek || haak || haak || haok || Haak || Krop, Kramp, Hoken || Haken || האַק<br />(hak) || *𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌰<br />(*krampa) || haki, krókur || krókur, ongul || hake, krok || hage, krog || hake, krok || hake, krok<ref name="ongel">''ongel'' is also used for fishing hook.</ref>
|-
| house || hoose || hûs || huis || huis || hoes || Huus || Haus || Haus || הויז<br />(hoyz) || 𐌷𐌿𐍃<br />(hūs) || hús || hús || hus || hus || hus || hus
|-
|-
| many || mony || mannich, mennich || baie, menige || veel, menig || minnig || veel, männig || vill || manch, viel || מאַנכע<br />(mankhe) || 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃<br />(manags) || margir || mangir, nógvir || många || mange || mange || mange
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| moon || muin || moanne || maan || maan || maon || Maan || Mound || Mond || לבֿנה <br /> (levone) || 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰<br />(mēna) || máni, tungl || máni || måne || måne || måne || måne
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| night || nicht || nacht || nag || nacht || nach || Nacht || Nuecht || Nacht || נאַכט<br />(nakht) || 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃<br />(nahts) || nótt || nátt || natt || nat || natt || natt
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| no, nay || nae || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee(n)}} || nei || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee(n)}} || {{not a typo|na}}, {{not a typo|nee}}, nein, nö || ניין<br />(neyn) || 𐌽𐌴<br />(nē) || nei || nei || nej, nä || nej, næ || nei || nei
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| old (but elder, eldest) || auld || âld || oud || oud || aajt (''old''), gammel (''decayed'') || oolt (''old''), gammelig (''decayed'') || aal || alt || אַלט<br />(alt) || 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃<br />(sineigs) || gamall (but eldri, elstur), aldinn || gamal (but eldri, elstur) || gammal (but äldre, äldst) || gammel (but ældre, ældst) || gammel (but eldre, eldst) || gam(m)al (but eldre, eldst)
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| one || ane || ien || een || één || ein || een || eent || eins || איין<br />(eyn) || 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃<br />(áins) || einn || ein || en || en || en || ein
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| ounce || unce || ûns || ons || ons || óns || Ons || Eng kéier, Eemol || Unze || — || 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰<br />(unkja) || únsa || únsa || uns || unse || unse || unse, unsa
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| snow || snaw || snie || sneeu || sneeuw || sjnie || Snee || Schnéi || Schnee || שניי<br />(shney) || 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃<br />(snáiws) || snjór || kavi, snjógvur || snö || sne || snø || snø
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
! [[English language|English]]
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
! [[Scots language|Scots]]
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! [[Limburgish]]
! [[Low German]]
! [[Central German|Central<br />German]]<br />([[Luxemburgish|Luxembourg]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Nynorsk)]]
|-
|-
| stone || stane || stien || steen || steen || stein || Steen || Steen || Stein || שטיין<br />(shteyn) || 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃<br />(stáins) || steinn || steinur || sten || sten || stein || stein
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| that || that || dat || daardie, dit || dat, die || dat, tot || dat, dü || dat || das || דאָס<br />(dos) || 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰<br />(þata) || það || tað || det || det || det || det
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| two, twain || twa || twa || twee || twee || twie || twee || zoo, zwou, zwéin, zwee || zwei, zwo || צוויי<br />(tsvey) || 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹<br />(twái) || tveir, tvær, tvö || tveir, tvey, tvær, tvá || två, tu || to || to || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei<br />(m), tvæ<br />(f), tvau<br />(n).</ref>
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| who || wha || wa || wie || wie || wee || wokeen || wien, ween || wer || ווער<br />(ver) || 𐍈𐌰𐍃<br />(ƕas) || hver || hvør || vem || hvem || hvem || kven
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
| worm || wirm || wjirm || wurm || worm || weurm || Worm || Wuerm, Mued || Wurm, Made || וואָרעם<br />(vorem) || 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰<br />(maþa) || maðkur, ormur || maðkur, ormur || mask, orm&nbsp;<ref name="orm" /> || orm || makk, mark, orm &nbsp;<ref name="orm">The cognate ''orm'' usually means 'snake'.</ref> || makk, mark, orm<ref name="orm" />
| apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפּל<br />(epl) || 𐌰𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍃<br />(aplus) || epli || epli || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Scots language|Scots]]
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! [[Limburgish]]
! [[Low German]]
! [[Central German|Central<br />German]]<br />([[Luxemburgish]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br />(Nynorsk)]]
|}
|}


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