Takkenit: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Takkenit verbs are more complex than nouns, being rich in conjugation patterns and having different verb-forming suffixes. There is no such a category as tense in Takkenit verbs, but rather various aspects are used instead, which are often called tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers.
Takkenit verbs are more complex than nouns, being rich in conjugation patterns and having different verb-forming suffixes. There is no such a category as tense in Takkenit verbs, but rather various aspects are used instead, which are often called tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers. If someone needs to mention a specific time (usually to differentiate future from present) nouns and adverbs (like tomorrow versus today) are used.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ TAM markers
|+ TAM markers
Line 250: Line 250:
| -əkti
| -əkti
| -ik
| -ik
|}
Every verb in Takkenit must agree with the subject of a sentence and, in case of transitive verbs, also with its direct object. This agreement is represented by personal suffixes attached to the verb after a TAM marker. The conjugation has three persons and three numbers. Intransitive and transitive conjugations are distinguished. Also almost every verb has a distinct middle voice and subjunctive mood conjugations. This means that there are different ways of conjugating a verb and some verbs can change their meaning, when conjugated in one way or another. Also because Takkenit is an active-stative language, its intransitive verbs can have either agentive (to denote voluntary actions) or patientive (used for involuntary actions).
====Intransitive verbs====
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ agentive suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -m-i
| -m-ik
| -m-it
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -t-i
| -t-ik
| -t-it
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -i
| -ik
| -it
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ patientive suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -m
| -m-u
| -m-ət
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -t
| -t-u
| -t-ət
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -e
| -ju
| -et
|-
|}
|}
====Transitive verbs====
The brackets in the subject suffixes show, where a direct object marker is attached. If a sentence also contains an indirect object (usually with a verb "to give") a suffix ''-ka-n'' is used instead of ''-ka''. The 3<sup>rd</sup> person subject singular and plural forms are odd, they use an an infix ''-k-'' (and indirect object marker comes before ''-k-''), while an object suffix is attached to the end. These forms probably remained from an old object conjugation, which had been completely substituted with a patientive suffix forms of intransitive verbs.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ subject suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -m-()-ka
| -ku-()-ka
| -təm-()-ka
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -t-()-ka
| -kət-()-ka
| -tət-()-ka
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -u-(n)k-()
| -k-()-taj-ka
| -t-u-(n)k-()
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ object infixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -m-
| -m-u-
| -m-ət-
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -t-
| -t-u-
| -t-ət-
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -e-
| -ju-
| -et-
|-
|}
|}
====Middle voice====
The middle voice describes actions that were made by someone, who is not mentioned. For instance phrases like ''tiwmi keppan'' "the food is being cooked" or ''kujma pejkan'' "the fire was kindled". This often can be translated into English, using passive voice. However they are not the same, for example in ''wete tewken unwan ŋi'' "water pours from the jug" middle voice is used, because water doesn't perform this action by itself. Also middle voice is often used to describe emotions and feelings, like when somebody says: ''irəkken'' "I'm angry" they mean that another person or an event made them angry (using active voice is not a mistake, but it would mean that a person is angry for no reason, or the reason is inside this person). Some feelings are described with stative instead.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ middle voice suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -k-e
| -k-we
| -me
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -tə-k-e
| -k-te
| -te
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -(e)n
| -ken
| -jen
|-
|}
The second person conjugation is rarely used, it is often substituted with an active voice.
====Subjunctive mood====
The subjunctive or irrealis mood is typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, possibility, judgment or opinion. It can also express future events that are to occure. A suffix ''-ti'' is added creating conditional, which corresponds to English present conditional tense. However this is actually more complicated, because these two moods are used for different degree of uncertainty or possibility.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ irrealis mood suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -u-ke
| -u-k
| -um-ke
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -e-ke
| -ə-k
| -ət-ke
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -ete
| -e-jte
| -e-nte
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ conditional mood suffixes
|-
!
! singular
! dual
! plural
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
| -u-ke-ti
| -u-k-ti
| -um-ke-ti
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
| -e-ke-ti
| -ə-k-ti
| -ət-ke-ti
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
| -e-te-j
| -e-jte-j
| -e-nte-j
|-
|}
|}
|}


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