Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>.
Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>.
'''H-nouns (hahą lā halenī)''':
* '''1h''': nouns ending in ''-a'', ''-ah'', ''-ā'', or ''-āh''
* '''2h''': nouns ending in ''-ē'' or ''-eh'' (plus some diminutives ending in ''-ēh'')
* '''3h''': nouns ending in ''-uh'' or ''-ūh'', and a few words of Dabuke origin in ''-u'' (mostly only used regionally in the West)
* '''4h''': nouns ending in ''-ih'' or ''-īh'' (plus a few exceptional ones in ''-i'')
* '''5h''': nouns ending in ''-a'' which have ablaut-conditioned variations in their stems in different cases


===S-nouns - Sasą lā halenī===
===S-nouns - Sasą lā halenī===
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===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī===
===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī===
'''''(NOT UP TO DATE)'''''
{{col-begin}}
{| class="wikitable"
{{col-break}}
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|+1-h (-a, -ā, (-ah, -āh))
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | 1-h nouns !! colspan=3 | 2-h nouns !! colspan=3 | 3-h nouns !! colspan=3 | 4-h nouns !! colspan=3 | 5-h nouns
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! <small>Direct</small>
| '''māra'''<br/><small>''"mango"''</small> || rowspan=2 | mārāt || rowspan=2 | mārai
|-
|-
! Direct
! <small>Vocative</small>
| '''māra''' <small>''"mango"''</small> || mārion || mārai || '''javileh''' <small>''"apple"''</small> || javilion || javiliai || '''camūh''' <small>''"group"''</small> || camūyon || camūvai || '''ghārṭih''' <small>''"arrow"''</small> || ghārṭiyon || ghārṭeyai || '''lila''' <small>''"person"''</small> || lilion || leliē
| māre
|-
|-
! Vocative
! <small>Accusative</small>
| māra || mārion || mārai || javili || javilion || javiliai || camū || camūyon || camūvai || ghārṭī || ghārṭiyon || ghārṭeyai || lila || lilion || leliē
| māru || mārāṣa || māraih
|-
|-
! Accusative
! <small>Ergative</small>
| māru || mārūri || mārānu || javilu || javiliūri || javilēnu || camūvau || camūyūri || camǣnu || ghārṭiyu || ghārṭiyūri || ghārṭeinu || lilu || lilūri || leliu
| mārei || mārāra || mārān
|-
|-
! Ergative
! <small>Genitive</small>
| mārei || mārą || mārān || javilei || javilią || javilēn || camūvei || camūvą || camǣn || ghārṭiyi || ghārṭiyą || ghārṭein || lilei || lilą || leliei
| māri<sup>1</sup> || māreva || mārumi
|-
|-
! Genitive
! <small>Translative</small>
| māri || māreva || mārumi || javili || javilieva || javilumi || camūvi || camūyeva || camūmi || ghārṭī || ghārṭyeva || ghārṭyumi || leli || lileva || laili
| māran || mārarį || mārēt
|-
|-
! Translative
! <small>Exessive</small>
| māran || māryās || māryāh || javilan || javilyās || javilyāh || camūn || camūyās || camūyāh || ghārṭīn || ghārṭīyās || ghārṭīyāh || lilan || lilyās || lelian
| mārat || mārabhan || māremān
|-
|-
! Exessive
! <small>Essive</small>
| mārat || mārābhan || mārāman || javilet || javilēbhan || javilēman || camūt || camūbhan || camūman || ghārṭit || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīman || lilat || lilābhan || leliat
| māręs || māranne || mārēm
|-
|-
! Essive
! <small>Dative</small>
| māręs || māriona || mārēm || javilęs || javiliona || javilēm || camųs || camūyona || camūvēm || ghārṭįs || ghārṭiyona || ghārṭīvēm || liląs || liliona || lailąs
| mārom || mārarį || māresām
|-
|-
! Dative
! <small>Ablative</small>
| mārom || māryās || mārasām || javilom || javilyās || javilesām || camvom || camūyās || camusām || ghārṭyom || ghārṭīyās || ghārṭišām || lilom || lilyās || leliom
| mārų || mārabhan || mārenīs
|-
|-
! Ablative
! <small>Locative</small>
| mārų || mārābhan || mārenīs || javilių || javilēbhan || javilenīs || camųu || camūbhan || camūnīs || ghārṭių || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīnīs || lilų || lilābhan || lelių
| māre || māranne || mārelīm
|-
|-
! Locative
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| māre || māriona || mārilīm || javiliye || javiliona || javililīm || camve || camūyona || camūvilīm || ghārṭye || ghārṭiyona || ghārṭīlīm || lile || liliona || laile
| mārap || mārabhan || mārenīka
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|+2-h (-ē, -eh)
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| mārini || mārābhan || mārenīka || javileni || javilēbhan || javilenīka || camvini || camūbhan || camūnīka || ghārṭīni || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīnīka || lilini || lilābhan || lelini
|-
! <small>Direct</small>
| '''javileh'''<br/><small>''"apple"''</small> || rowspan=2 | javiliāt || rowspan=2 | javiliai
|-
! <small>Vocative</small>
| javilei
|-
! <small>Accusative</small>
| javilyu || javilēṣa || javileih
|-
! <small>Ergative</small>
| javilei || javiliāra || javiliān
|-
! <small>Genitive</small>
| javili || javileva<sup>2</sup> || javiliumi
|-
! <small>Translative</small>
| javilen || javilerį || javilēt
|-
! <small>Exessive</small>
| javilet || javilebhan || javilemān
|-
! <small>Essive</small>
| javilęs || javilenne || javilēm
|-
! <small>Dative</small>
| javiliom || javilerį || javilesām
|-
! <small>Ablative</small>
| javilių || javilebhan || javilenīs
|-
! <small>Locative</small>
| javilye || javilenne || javilelīm
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| javilep || javilebhan || javilenīka
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|+3-h (-uh, -ūh, -u<sup>3</sup>)
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! <small>Direct</small>
| '''ñaɂuh'''<br/><small>''"fruit skin"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūt || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūvi
|-
! <small>Vocative</small>
| ñaɂū
|-
! <small>Accusative</small>
| ñaɂunu || ñaɂūṣa || ñaɂuyih
|-
! <small>Ergative</small>
| ñaɂuyei || ñaɂura || ñaɂun
|-
! <small>Genitive</small>
| ñaɂuyi || ñaɂuva || ñaɂūmi
|-
! <small>Translative</small>
| ñaɂun || ñaɂurį || ñaɂūt
|-
! <small>Exessive</small>
| ñaɂut || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂumān
|-
! <small>Essive</small>
| ñaɂųs || ñaɂunne || ñaɂugem
|-
! <small>Dative</small>
| ñaɂuvom || ñaɂurį || ñaɂusām
|-
! <small>Ablative</small>
| ñaɂųu || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs
|-
! <small>Locative</small>
| ñaɂuve || ñaɂunne || ñaɂulīm
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| ñaɂup || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīka
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|+4-m (-ih, -īh, -i<sup>4</sup>)
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! <small>Direct</small>
| '''ghārṭih'''<br/><small>''"arrow"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ghārṭīt || rowspan=2 | ghārṭeyi
|-
! <small>Vocative</small>
| ghārṭī
|-
! <small>Accusative</small>
| ghārṭyu || ghārṭīṣa || ghārṭeyih
|-
! <small>Ergative</small>
| ghārṭyei || ghārṭira || ghārṭin
|-
! <small>Genitive</small>
| ghārṭīyi || ghārṭiva || ghārṭyumi
|-
! <small>Translative</small>
| ghārṭin || ghārṭirį || ghārṭīt
|-
! <small>Exessive</small>
| ghārṭit || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭimān
|-
! <small>Essive</small>
| ghārṭįs || ghārṭinne || ghārṭiyem
|-
! <small>Dative</small>
| ghārṭyom || ghārṭirį || ghārṭisām
|-
! <small>Ablative</small>
| ghārṭyų || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs
|-
! <small>Locative</small>
| ghārṭye || ghārṭinne || ghārṭilīm
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| ghārṭip || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīka
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|+1-h (h-paradigm)
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! <small>Direct</small>
| '''raiṇah'''<br/><small>''"(piece of) cloth"''</small> || rowspan=2 | raiṇāt || rowspan=2 | raiṇai
|-
! <small>Vocative</small>
| raiṇe
|-
! <small>Accusative</small>
| raiṇu || raiṇāṣa || raiṇaih
|-
! <small>Ergative</small>
| raiṇei || raiṇāra || raiṇān
|-
! <small>Genitive</small>
| raiṇi<sup>1</sup> || raiṇeva || raiṇumi
|-
! <small>Translative</small>
| raiṇan || raiṇarį || raiṇēt
|-
! <small>Exessive</small>
| raiṇat || raiṇabhan || raiṇamān
|-
! <small>Essive</small>
| raiṇęs || raiṇanne || raiṇēm
|-
! <small>Dative</small>
| raiṇom || raiṇarį || raiṇasām
|-
! <small>Ablative</small>
| raiṇų || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīs
|-
! <small>Locative</small>
| raiṇe || raiṇanne || raiṇalīm
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| raiṇap || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīka
|}
{{col-break|valign=middle|gap=1em}}
The ''h-paradigm'' used by nouns in ''-ah'' and ''-āh'' is substantially identical to the regular 1-h one, except for the exessive, dative, ablative, locative, and instrumental plural which have ''-a-'' instead of ''-e-'' as a linking vowel and, for some nouns, the genitive singular ''(see table note 1)''.
{{col-end}}
Notes:
# ''-ьa'', ''-ьā'', ''-ya'', and ''-yā'' nouns form the genitive singular in ''-ei'' (e.g. ''laliā'' "night" → ''lalei''). Nouns in ''-ьah'', ''-ьāh'', ''-yah'', and ''-yāh'', however, have the regular ending (e.g. ''yamyah'' "fog" → ''yamyi'').
# In older texts ''-eiva'' (e.g. ''javileiva''), today only used in literature for an archaïzing effect or to mark a character speaking with a Northern Plain pronunciation (where this form survives in the spoken language).
# Mostly regional Western words of Dabuke origin.
# Non-productive with borrowings, but common in native words.


===Irregular plurals===
===Irregular plurals===
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