Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Walthungian
|name = Valthungian
|nativename = Grējutungiška Rasta
|nativename = Grējutungiška Rasta
|pronunciation = /ˈgrei̯.juˌtuŋ.giʃ.kɑ  ˈrɑs.tɑ/
|pronunciation = /ˈgrɑi̯.juˌtuŋ.giʃ.kɑ  ˈrɑs.tɑ/
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>additionally creator of:<br />
<small>additionally creator of:<br />
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<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Walthungian]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
</small>
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|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|script = [[Walthungian#Alphabet_.26_Pronunciation|Walthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|script = [[Valthungian#Alphabet_.26_Pronunciation|Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|iso3 = none
|iso3 = none
}}
}}




Walthungian is an East Germanic language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with Gothic, though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of Wulfilas. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Walthungian did consider themselves Goths, as reflected in its name. (It is likely similar in development to Modern High German – Deutsch – which is not directly descended from Old High German, but rather a similar dialect spoken by a group who also considered themselves “Diutisk.”) While it shares many of the areal changes of the Northwest Germanic languages, it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalization, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Slavic languages.
Valthungian is an East Germanic language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with Gothic, though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of Wulfilas. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Valthungian did consider themselves Goths, as reflected in its name. (It is likely similar in development to Modern High German – Deutsch – which is not directly descended from Old High German, but rather a similar dialect spoken by a group who also considered themselves “Diutisk.”) While it shares many of the areal changes of the Northwest Germanic languages, it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalization, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Slavic languages.


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
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===Alphabet & Pronunciation===
===Alphabet & Pronunciation===


Here I give the traditional Walthungian letters followed by the Romanization I use for them in the second row. The Romanization is used throughout this article.
Here I give the traditional Valthungian letters followed by the Romanization I use for them in the second row. The Romanization is used throughout this article.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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Though the seven long vowels of the Non-Alphabetic Variants have individual names, they are not considered to be part of the standard alphabet or alphabetical order. Instead, each long vowel is considered alphabetically to be the equivalent of its doubled short counterpart. That is, ‹ā› is equivalent to ‹aa›, ‹ē› to ‹ee›, ‹ī› to ‹ii›, and so on. (The long vowels ‹ǣ› and ‹ǭ› are included in the standard alphabetical order, and do not have short forms, though they are written with macrons in their Romanized forms.)
Though the seven long vowels of the Non-Alphabetic Variants have individual names, they are not considered to be part of the standard alphabet or alphabetical order. Instead, each long vowel is considered alphabetically to be the equivalent of its doubled short counterpart. That is, ‹ā› is equivalent to ‹aa›, ‹ē› to ‹ee›, ‹ī› to ‹ii›, and so on. (The long vowels ‹ǣ› and ‹ǭ› are included in the standard alphabetical order, and do not have short forms, though they are written with macrons in their Romanized forms.)


(NB: The Walthungian alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a [[Walthungian#Romanization|Romanization]] of the letters shown in the table above.)
(NB: The Valthungian alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a [[Valthungian#Romanization|Romanization]] of the letters shown in the table above.)


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
The orthography of Walthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions:
The orthography of Valthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions:


# The letter ‹n› is used before ‹g› or ‹k› to indicate the velar nasal [ŋ]. Specifically, ‹ng› is [ŋg] and ‹nk› is [ŋk]. (E.g. ''drinkna'' [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.)
# The letter ‹n› is used before ‹g› or ‹k› to indicate the velar nasal [ŋ]. Specifically, ‹ng› is [ŋg] and ‹nk› is [ŋk]. (E.g. ''drinkna'' [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.)
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===Voicing Alternation===
===Voicing Alternation===


This rule is inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Walthungian.  (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between ‹f› or ‹þ›, used only at the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant, and ‹b› or ‹d›, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Walthungian:
This rule is inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Valthungian.  (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between ‹f› or ‹þ›, used only at the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant, and ‹b› or ‹d›, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Valthungian:


*v → f
*v → f
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*ž → s
*ž → s


The implications of this rule for Walthungian are:
The implications of this rule for Valthungian are:


*‹f› or ‹þ› occur before ‹s› in the nominative singular of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, e.g. ''þlǣfs'' ‘loaf of bread’, but genitive ''þlǣvis''.
*‹f› or ‹þ› occur before ‹s› in the nominative singular of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, e.g. ''þlǣfs'' ‘loaf of bread’, but genitive ''þlǣvis''.
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===Palatalization===
===Palatalization===


Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Walthungian, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Walthungian. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Walthungian, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules:
Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Valthungian, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Valthungian. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Valthungian, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules:


*Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in ‹d› or ‹g› become palatalized before ‹s› in the nominative singular of a-, i-, and u-stems (but not feminine ō-stems).  E.g. Gothic ''dags'' ‘day’, ''gards'' ‘yard’ become ''daǧ'', ''garǧ''. This type of palatalization only occurs when there was a /dz/ or /gz/ present in the language at some point historically (from Gothic /ds/ or /gs/).
*Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in ‹d› or ‹g› become palatalized before ‹s› in the nominative singular of a-, i-, and u-stems (but not feminine ō-stems).  E.g. Gothic ''dags'' ‘day’, ''gards'' ‘yard’ become ''daǧ'', ''garǧ''. This type of palatalization only occurs when there was a /dz/ or /gz/ present in the language at some point historically (from Gothic /ds/ or /gs/).
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*The accusative singular of nouns with palatalization ''are not'' umlauted.  All other forms of nouns with palatalization ''are'' umlauted.
*The accusative singular of nouns with palatalization ''are not'' umlauted.  All other forms of nouns with palatalization ''are'' umlauted.
*The past subjunctive of verbs is umlauted (except for the 3rd person singular in formal speech). (First person singular is palatalized ''and'' umlauted.)
*The past subjunctive of verbs is umlauted (except for the 3rd person singular in formal speech). (First person singular is palatalized ''and'' umlauted.)
*Most class 1 weak verbs and strong verbs ending in ''–jan'' in Gothic have umlaut in the present and imperative. These verbs all end with ''–in'' in Walthungian.
*Most class 1 weak verbs and strong verbs ending in ''–jan'' in Gothic have umlaut in the present and imperative. These verbs all end with ''–in'' in Valthungian.


Umlaut in Walthungian initiates the following changes in the stressed vowel of a word:
Umlaut in Valthungian initiates the following changes in the stressed vowel of a word:


*a → e - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin''
*a → e - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin''
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*ū → ȳ - ''hr'''ū'''kjan'' ‘to crow’ → ''þr'''ȳ'''čin''
*ū → ȳ - ''hr'''ū'''kjan'' ‘to crow’ → ''þr'''ȳ'''čin''


NB: The word “Umlaut” can refer to several different types of vowel change in Germanic languages – i/j-umlaut, u/w-umlaut, and a-umlaut most commonly – but only one type is present in Walthungian: Umlaut here is used to refer specifically to i/j-umlaut, also known as i-umlaut, or front umlaut.
NB: The word “Umlaut” can refer to several different types of vowel change in Germanic languages – i/j-umlaut, u/w-umlaut, and a-umlaut most commonly – but only one type is present in Valthungian: Umlaut here is used to refer specifically to i/j-umlaut, also known as i-umlaut, or front umlaut.


===Coronal Consonant Assimilation===
===Coronal Consonant Assimilation===
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===Blocking of Metathetical Unpacking===
===Blocking of Metathetical Unpacking===


Another formidable name, but what this means is that at various times historically, sound changes caused unstressed /a/ to disappear before sonorants (/l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/), turning them into syllabics. This happened at least once before the Gothic era, giving rise to words like ''bagms'' and ''aþn'', and again before Walthungian, most notably collapsing the infinitive ''-an'' to ''-n''. Later on, syllabics were “unpacked;” that is, they regained the /a/ that had been lost, but it now appeared after the sonorant instead of before it. For example, ''brōþar'' ‘brother’ became ''brōðra'' via an intermediate */brōðr̩/. However, there are a few instances where this unpacking didn’t happen because the ‹a› before the sonorant could not be deleted; if it were, the word would have been unpronounceable. This metathesis (which, in reality, is not really metathesis, but that’s what I’m calling it for now) is also blocked after any non-intervocalic voiced continuant; that is, V[v/ð]S shifts as expected (e.g. ''widan'' > ''wiðn̩'' > ''wiðna''), but VC[v/ð]S does not (e.g. ''haldan'' > ''halðan'', not **''halðna'').
Another formidable name, but what this means is that at various times historically, sound changes caused unstressed /a/ to disappear before sonorants (/l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/), turning them into syllabics. This happened at least once before the Gothic era, giving rise to words like ''bagms'' and ''aþn'', and again before Valthungian, most notably collapsing the infinitive ''-an'' to ''-n''. Later on, syllabics were “unpacked;” that is, they regained the /a/ that had been lost, but it now appeared after the sonorant instead of before it. For example, ''brōþar'' ‘brother’ became ''brōðra'' via an intermediate */brōðr̩/. However, there are a few instances where this unpacking didn’t happen because the ‹a› before the sonorant could not be deleted; if it were, the word would have been unpronounceable. This metathesis (which, in reality, is not really metathesis, but that’s what I’m calling it for now) is also blocked after any non-intervocalic voiced continuant; that is, V[v/ð]S shifts as expected (e.g. ''widan'' > ''wiðn̩'' > ''wiðna''), but VC[v/ð]S does not (e.g. ''haldan'' > ''halðan'', not **''halðna'').


The practicality of this rule as it applies to modern Walthungian is that:
The practicality of this rule as it applies to modern Valthungian is that:


*Dative plural a-stem nouns whose roots end in ‹–m› have the ending of ‹–am› rather than ‹–ma›, e.g. ''worms'' ‘worm’ has the dative plural of ''wormam'' rather than **''wormma''.
*Dative plural a-stem nouns whose roots end in ‹–m› have the ending of ‹–am› rather than ‹–ma›, e.g. ''worms'' ‘worm’ has the dative plural of ''wormam'' rather than **''wormma''.
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===Assimilation of [r] and [s]===
===Assimilation of [r] and [s]===


Historically, this is a sound change that occurred in the transition from Proto-Germanic to Gothic and is no longer persistent, but it has specific reflexes that affect Walthungian paradigms.
Historically, this is a sound change that occurred in the transition from Proto-Germanic to Gothic and is no longer persistent, but it has specific reflexes that affect Valthungian paradigms.


The change initially applies to "light"-syllable nouns with stems ending in ‹-s› or ‹-r› in the masculine and feminine classes that take a final ‹-z› in the nominative singular.  E.g. PGmc. *''weraz'', *''drusiz'' → (Mora Loss: Short Unstressed Vowel Deletion) → *''werz'', *''drusz'' → (Final Obstruent Devoicing) → ''wers'', ''druss'' → (r/s-Assimilation) → Gothic ''waír'' /wer/, ''drus''.   
The change initially applies to "light"-syllable nouns with stems ending in ‹-s› or ‹-r› in the masculine and feminine classes that take a final ‹-z› in the nominative singular.  E.g. PGmc. *''weraz'', *''drusiz'' → (Mora Loss: Short Unstressed Vowel Deletion) → *''werz'', *''drusz'' → (Final Obstruent Devoicing) → ''wers'', ''druss'' → (r/s-Assimilation) → Gothic ''waír'' /wer/, ''drus''.   


Later, beginning around the time of Middle Walthungian, this change was expanded analogously to other nouns and adjectives which had "heavy" syllables, and eventually the rule emerged that nouns and adjectives ending in ‹-r› and ‹-s› do not take an (additional) ‹-s› in the nominative singular, though they otherwise follow the paradigm of their particular stem. (E.g. ''bērs'' → ''bēr'' ‘boar’, ''stiur'' → ''sčur'' ‘steer’. One notable example of this phenomenon is the Germanic ''tersaz'' (''mentula'') which became ''tairs'' in Gothic, but was then reanalyzed as an exception to the original r-rule (instead of the s-rule that it actually is), and eventually it became ''ter'' in Walthungian. It remains, however, an unkind word.)
Later, beginning around the time of Middle Valthungian, this change was expanded analogously to other nouns and adjectives which had "heavy" syllables, and eventually the rule emerged that nouns and adjectives ending in ‹-r› and ‹-s› do not take an (additional) ‹-s› in the nominative singular, though they otherwise follow the paradigm of their particular stem. (E.g. ''bērs'' → ''bēr'' ‘boar’, ''stiur'' → ''sčur'' ‘steer’. One notable example of this phenomenon is the Germanic ''tersaz'' (''mentula'') which became ''tairs'' in Gothic, but was then reanalyzed as an exception to the original r-rule (instead of the s-rule that it actually is), and eventually it became ''ter'' in Valthungian. It remains, however, an unkind word.)


===Phonemic Inventory===
===Phonemic Inventory===
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===Relative Pronouns===
===Relative Pronouns===


There are two types of relative pronouns in Walthungian, and although they are used interchangeably, I present them here in two separate tables: The first (more common) forms are with the Gothic clitic particle ''ei-'' having separated from the pronouns (see Clitic Separation), and the second, more “traditional” forms where the clitic is still attached to the word.
There are two types of relative pronouns in Valthungian, and although they are used interchangeably, I present them here in two separate tables: The first (more common) forms are with the Gothic clitic particle ''ei-'' having separated from the pronouns (see Clitic Separation), and the second, more “traditional” forms where the clitic is still attached to the word.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|  0 || (nǣns) || tǣjun, tǣn || twǣtiǧis|| ''-tiǧis''|| ''tēhund'' || ''þūsunde'' || ''-ljǭn''
|  0 || (nǣns) || tǣjun, tǣn || twǣtiǧis|| ''-tiǧis''|| ''tēhund'' || ''þūsunde'' || ''-ljǭn''
|-
|-
|  1 || ([[Walthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.2C_a.2C_an.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣnlif || twǣtiǧis ǣns|| ''tǣjun'' || ǣn hund || ǣna þūsunde || miljǭn
|  1 || ([[Valthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.2C_a.2C_an.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣnlif || twǣtiǧis ǣns|| ''tǣjun'' || ǣn hund || ǣna þūsunde || miljǭn
|-
|-
|  2 || ([[Walthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|twǣ]]) || twalif || twǣtiǧi twǣ|| twǣtiǧis || twā hunda || tōs þūsunǧis || biljǭn
|  2 || ([[Valthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|twǣ]]) || twalif || twǣtiǧi twǣ|| twǣtiǧis || twā hunda || tōs þūsunǧis || biljǭn
|-
|-
|  3 || ([[Walthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrījatǣn || twǣtiǧi þrīs|| þrīstiǧis || þrī hunda || þrī þūsunǧis || þriljǭn
|  3 || ([[Valthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrījatǣn || twǣtiǧi þrīs|| þrīstiǧis || þrī hunda || þrī þūsunǧis || þriljǭn
|-
|-
|  4 || fiður, fiðra || fiðratǣn || twǣtiǧi fiður|| fiðratiǧis || fiður hunda || fiður þūsunǧis || friljǭn
|  4 || fiður, fiðra || fiðratǣn || twǣtiǧi fiður|| fiðratiǧis || fiður hunda || fiður þūsunǧis || friljǭn
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|}
|}


The numbers in Walthungian – as in most languages – have gone through more phonological change than other words, and as a result, there are some irregularities.  Four numbers have two forms (some of which may be optional). There is also an innovated trial distributive (‘all three’), probably by assimilation from the dual (‘both’). The number ‘one’, usually alternating with the indefinite article in most languages, is used merely for counting purposes, as an indefinite article is not used in Walthungian.  
The numbers in Valthungian – as in most languages – have gone through more phonological change than other words, and as a result, there are some irregularities.  Four numbers have two forms (some of which may be optional). There is also an innovated trial distributive (‘all three’), probably by assimilation from the dual (‘both’). The number ‘one’, usually alternating with the indefinite article in most languages, is used merely for counting purposes, as an indefinite article is not used in Valthungian.  


The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but required in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.)
The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but required in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.)
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The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, required in compounds but otherwise optional. ‘Eight’ is ''āta'', but may optionally be lenited to ''āt''. (This is a newer innovation, and is not considered to be correct in writing.) Finally ‘ten’ is ''tǣjun'' or lenited ''tǣn'', the latter being used exclusively in the “teen” numbers, the former being preferred elsewhere, though still optional.
The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, required in compounds but otherwise optional. ‘Eight’ is ''āta'', but may optionally be lenited to ''āt''. (This is a newer innovation, and is not considered to be correct in writing.) Finally ‘ten’ is ''tǣjun'' or lenited ''tǣn'', the latter being used exclusively in the “teen” numbers, the former being preferred elsewhere, though still optional.


For compounding numbers, Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Walthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – believed to be a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with –tiǧis, a further contraction has become standard, and it is shortened to ''–tiǧi'', e.g. ''þrīstiǧi fim'' ‘thirty-five’. ''Hund'' becomes ''hundi'' and ''hunda'' is also contracted to ''hund’i'', ''þūsunde'' to ''þūsund’i'', and ''þūsunǧis'' to ''þūsunǧi''. (Note the lack of apostrophe in ''-tiǧi'', ''hundi'', and ''þūsunǧi''.) No ''-i-'' is added before numbers beginning with a vowel, i.e. ''ǣn-'' and ''āta''.  
For compounding numbers, Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Valthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – believed to be a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with –tiǧis, a further contraction has become standard, and it is shortened to ''–tiǧi'', e.g. ''þrīstiǧi fim'' ‘thirty-five’. ''Hund'' becomes ''hundi'' and ''hunda'' is also contracted to ''hund’i'', ''þūsunde'' to ''þūsund’i'', and ''þūsunǧis'' to ''þūsunǧi''. (Note the lack of apostrophe in ''-tiǧi'', ''hundi'', and ''þūsunǧi''.) No ''-i-'' is added before numbers beginning with a vowel, i.e. ''ǣn-'' and ''āta''.  


Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kwaðriljǭn'', and **''kwintiljǭn''.
Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kwaðriljǭn'', and **''kwintiljǭn''.


Another note concerning the higher numbers: Walthungian follows the short scale for higher numbers (whereas most European countries currently use the long scale); that is, each new number term is one thousand times larger than the previous term (whereas in the long scale, each new term is one million times larger). This is further confused by the now-standard European “hybrid” model where intermediate terms in the long scale are applied to the “thousands” with the suffix ‘-ard’. The following table is applicable to most modern standards:
Another note concerning the higher numbers: Valthungian follows the short scale for higher numbers (whereas most European countries currently use the long scale); that is, each new number term is one thousand times larger than the previous term (whereas in the long scale, each new term is one million times larger). This is further confused by the now-standard European “hybrid” model where intermediate terms in the long scale are applied to the “thousands” with the suffix ‘-ard’. The following table is applicable to most modern standards:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! N⁰ !! Numerals !! Walthungian !! Short !! Hybrid !! Long !! Metric
! N⁰ !! Numerals !! Valthungian !! Short !! Hybrid !! Long !! Metric
|-
|-
|  10³  || 1,000 || þūsunde || thousand || thousand || thousand || '''k'''''ilo''
|  10³  || 1,000 || þūsunde || thousand || thousand || thousand || '''k'''''ilo''
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===Alternative Numbers===
===Alternative Numbers===


The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system, which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages (Middle Walthungian), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form.  Primarily among these numbers was '13', which was written in Gothic as ''·ig·''.  This also occurred with the numbers '113' (''rig''), '213' (''sig''), '313' (''tig''), '413' (''wig''), and '513' (''fig'').  (This was not mirrored in the higher numbers of the hundreds, because most of those combinations would have been unpronounceable.)
The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system, which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages (Middle Valthungian), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form.  Primarily among these numbers was '13', which was written in Gothic as ''·ig·''.  This also occurred with the numbers '113' (''rig''), '213' (''sig''), '313' (''tig''), '413' (''wig''), and '513' (''fig'').  (This was not mirrored in the higher numbers of the hundreds, because most of those combinations would have been unpronounceable.)


The number '19' is also sometimes called ''iþ'' by the same formulation.
The number '19' is also sometimes called ''iþ'' by the same formulation.
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==Articles & Determiners==
==Articles & Determiners==


Walthungian has two definite articles, ''sā'' and ''his'', both of which are equivalent to ‘the,’ but may also be translated as ‘that’ and ‘this’, respectively. Where there is a lack of clear proximity-based dichotomy, ''sā'' is usually preferred.
Valthungian has two definite articles, ''sā'' and ''his'', both of which are equivalent to ‘the,’ but may also be translated as ‘that’ and ‘this’, respectively. Where there is a lack of clear proximity-based dichotomy, ''sā'' is usually preferred.


There is no indefinite article in Walthungian.
There is no indefinite article in Valthungian.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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==Nouns==
==Nouns==


Noun classes differ by suffix vowel class and by gender. They may also differ by glides (/j/ or /w/) suffixed to the stem and/or the presence of infixive /n/. The main classes are those stems in /a/ or /ō/, in /i/, in /u/, or in /n/ (as described below: See A Note on Strong and Weak Nouns). There are also a few minor classes in consonant stems (a.k.a. Ø-stem), in /r/ (a very small class having to do with familial relations), and in /nd/ (based on the nominalization of the present participle). These minor classes will be discussed here, but for the learner who is new to Germanic languages, these should be treated as irregular declensions and learned by rote. Many of these have also been regularized in Walthungian through the process of paradigmatic levelling, and their declensions have been assimilated into other classes.
Noun classes differ by suffix vowel class and by gender. They may also differ by glides (/j/ or /w/) suffixed to the stem and/or the presence of infixive /n/. The main classes are those stems in /a/ or /ō/, in /i/, in /u/, or in /n/ (as described below: See A Note on Strong and Weak Nouns). There are also a few minor classes in consonant stems (a.k.a. Ø-stem), in /r/ (a very small class having to do with familial relations), and in /nd/ (based on the nominalization of the present participle). These minor classes will be discussed here, but for the learner who is new to Germanic languages, these should be treated as irregular declensions and learned by rote. Many of these have also been regularized in Valthungian through the process of paradigmatic levelling, and their declensions have been assimilated into other classes.


Every noun in Walthungian (and most Germanic languages) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).  
Every noun in Valthungian (and most Germanic languages) has eight possible forms. These are the singular and plural forms of the nominative (those nouns which comprise the subject of the sentence), genitive (those used to indicate possession or relation), dative (the indirect object), and accusative (the direct object).  


Masculine and feminine strong nouns usually take an ending of –s for the nominative singular, while neuter nouns take no ending. The genitive is almost universally indicated by –is (this is equivalent to the “ ’s ” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes –a. The accusative usually does not take any ending.  
Masculine and feminine strong nouns usually take an ending of –s for the nominative singular, while neuter nouns take no ending. The genitive is almost universally indicated by –is (this is equivalent to the “ ’s ” of the English possessive). The dative usually takes –a. The accusative usually does not take any ending.  
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===A Note on Strong and Weak Nouns===
===A Note on Strong and Weak Nouns===


In most Germanic languages, nouns, verbs, and adjectives tend to be broken into categories considered “strong” and “weak.” In nouns and adjectives, “weak” means that the words cling to their determiner endings inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which usually have an /n/ inserted between the root and the ending. For the purposes of this text, I will dispense with the traditional strong and weak categories as relates to nouns and simply relate the various categories into which nouns can be classified, based on their inherited Proto-Germanic endings (which include the /n/ infix where applicable). Since these endings can be irregular and each class must be learned by rote anyway, there is no need in the context of the Walthungian language to add this additional arbitrary distinction.
In most Germanic languages, nouns, verbs, and adjectives tend to be broken into categories considered “strong” and “weak.” In nouns and adjectives, “weak” means that the words cling to their determiner endings inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which usually have an /n/ inserted between the root and the ending. For the purposes of this text, I will dispense with the traditional strong and weak categories as relates to nouns and simply relate the various categories into which nouns can be classified, based on their inherited Proto-Germanic endings (which include the /n/ infix where applicable). Since these endings can be irregular and each class must be learned by rote anyway, there is no need in the context of the Valthungian language to add this additional arbitrary distinction.


===a- and ō-stems===
===a- and ō-stems===
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'''Strong Masculine a-Stems'''
'''Strong Masculine a-Stems'''


This is the most common type of noun class in Walthungian as well as in most Germanic languages. As such, it is also the most varied in terms of declension.  
This is the most common type of noun class in Valthungian as well as in most Germanic languages. As such, it is also the most varied in terms of declension.  


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''ōs''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ē''' ||align="center"| slēp'''am''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''ōs''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ē''' ||align="center"| slēp'''am''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ans'''
|-
|-
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top" bgcolor="#f6f6f6"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas '''  
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top" bgcolor="#f6f6f6"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas '''  
|-
|-
|colspan=9| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Variations are demonstrated below.</small>
|colspan=9| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Variations are demonstrated below.</small>
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|align="center"| ams<span style="color:red">_</span> ||align="center"| ams'''is''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams ||align="center"| ams'''as''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams'''ma''' ||align="center"| ams'''nas''' || ''‘shoulder’''
|align="center"| ams<span style="color:red">_</span> ||align="center"| ams'''is''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams ||align="center"| ams'''as''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams'''ma''' ||align="center"| ams'''nas''' || ''‘shoulder’''
|-
|-
|colspan=9| <small>This category deals with three different types of changes, but because the results are the same, I’ve combined them here. In all of these examples, the final /s/ is deleted (or assimilated) from the nominative.  In the first example, this is the result of a cluster simplification rule (sps, sts, sks, fts → sp, st, sk, ft, respectively). The second is the same, but a later change also caused the cluster /sk/ to shift to /š/ in certain environments. The last two examples are the result of much early (pre-Gothic) assimilation of /s/. In Gothic, this only applied to certain short syllables, but it became universal by the time of Walthungian.</small>
|colspan=9| <small>This category deals with three different types of changes, but because the results are the same, I’ve combined them here. In all of these examples, the final /s/ is deleted (or assimilated) from the nominative.  In the first example, this is the result of a cluster simplification rule (sps, sts, sks, fts → sp, st, sk, ft, respectively). The second is the same, but a later change also caused the cluster /sk/ to shift to /š/ in certain environments. The last two examples are the result of much early (pre-Gothic) assimilation of /s/. In Gothic, this only applied to certain short syllables, but it became universal by the time of Valthungian.</small>
|-
|-
|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"|  ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>s'''||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>nas''' || ''‘bread’''
|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"|  ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>s'''||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>nas''' || ''‘bread’''
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ē''' ||align="center"| barn'''am''' ||align="center"| barn'''a'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ē''' ||align="center"| barn'''am''' ||align="center"| barn'''a'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ma''' ||align="center"| barn'''nas'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ma''' ||align="center"| barn'''nas'''  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural. The variations for this class of nouns are similar to those of the masculine, though not as plentiful.</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural. The variations for this class of nouns are similar to those of the masculine, though not as plentiful.</small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ais''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ai''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ō''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōm''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ais''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ai''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ō''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōm''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''is''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''as''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''am''' ||align="center"| erð'''as'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''is''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''as''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''am''' ||align="center"| erð'''as'''  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the ō-stem paradigm. Note the assimilation of the genitive singular (from the expected “-as”).</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the ō-stem paradigm. Note the assimilation of the genitive singular (from the expected “-as”).</small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''ja''' ||align="center"| har'''i''' ||align="center"| har'''jōs''' ||align="center"| har'''jē''' ||align="center"| har'''jam''' ||align="center"| har'''jans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''ja''' ||align="center"| har'''i''' ||align="center"| har'''jōs''' ||align="center"| har'''jē''' ||align="center"| har'''jam''' ||align="center"| har'''jans'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| har'''e''' ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''im'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ins'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| har'''e''' ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''im'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ins'''†  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note that the accusative singular is the ''only'' form which does not have umlaut or palatalization.</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note that the accusative singular is the ''only'' form which does not have umlaut or palatalization.</small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jis''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jē''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jam''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jis''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jē''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jam''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''is'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''im'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''is'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''im'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''†  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Like the masculine form, but the nominative singular is the same as the accusative, and the nominative and accusative plural are the same as the dative singular (just as with the a-stems).</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Like the masculine form, but the nominative singular is the same as the accusative, and the nominative and accusative plural are the same as the dative singular (just as with the a-stems).</small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jai''' ||align="center"| ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jō''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōm''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jai''' ||align="center"| ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jō''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōm''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''im'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''im'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''†  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Because all feminine jō-stem nouns are subject to umlaut and palatalization, there is no perceived change in form, so these have ostensibly become regular.</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Because all feminine jō-stem nouns are subject to umlaut and palatalization, there is no perceived change in form, so these have ostensibly become regular.</small>
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====ija- and ijō-stems====
====ija- and ijō-stems====


These nouns are very similar to the previous category, but in Proto-Germanic an extra syllable was added after a “long stem” – a phenomenon known as Siever’s Law – which caused the discrepancy seen in Gothic between nouns with ''-jis'' and those with ''-eis''.  In Walthungian, the main remnant of these long stem nouns is that umlaut applies, but ''not'' palatalization.
These nouns are very similar to the previous category, but in Proto-Germanic an extra syllable was added after a “long stem” – a phenomenon known as Siever’s Law – which caused the discrepancy seen in Gothic between nouns with ''-jis'' and those with ''-eis''.  In Valthungian, the main remnant of these long stem nouns is that umlaut applies, but ''not'' palatalization.


'''Strong Masculine ija-Stems'''
'''Strong Masculine ija-Stems'''
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ja''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''i''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jōs''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jē''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jam''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ja''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''i''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jōs''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jē''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jam''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jans'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blōstr'''e''' ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''im'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ins'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blōstr'''e''' ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''im'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ins'''†  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jis''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jē''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jam''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jis''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jē''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jam''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''is'''* ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''im'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''is'''* ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''im'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''†  
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note: In Gothic, neuter ija-stems were assimilated into the neuter ja-stems, so -jis appears in the genitive instead of the expected -eis.  This assimilation did not take place for the ancestor of Walthungian.</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note: In Gothic, neuter ija-stems were assimilated into the neuter ja-stems, so -jis appears in the genitive instead of the expected -eis.  This assimilation did not take place for the ancestor of Valthungian.</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  aur'''i''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jai''' ||align="center"| aur'''ja''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jō''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōm''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  aur'''i''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jai''' ||align="center"| aur'''ja''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jō''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōm''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  ǭr'''e''' ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''im'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  ǭr'''e''' ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''im'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''†  
|-
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''ws''' ||align="center"| spar'''wis''' ||align="center"| spar'''wa''' ||align="center"| spar'''w''' ||align="center"| spar'''wōs''' ||align="center"| spar'''wē''' ||align="center"| spar'''wam''' ||align="center"| spar'''wans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''ws''' ||align="center"| spar'''wis''' ||align="center"| spar'''wa''' ||align="center"| spar'''w''' ||align="center"| spar'''wōs''' ||align="center"| spar'''wē''' ||align="center"| spar'''wam''' ||align="center"| spar'''wans'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''is''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''o''' ||align="center"| spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''um''' ||align="center"| spar'''uns'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''is''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''o''' ||align="center"| spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''um''' ||align="center"| spar'''uns'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wis''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''wē''' ||align="center"| mil'''wam''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wis''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''wē''' ||align="center"| mil'''wam''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''us''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''um''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua'''
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''us''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''um''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua'''
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wai''' ||align="center"| wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wō''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōm''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wai''' ||align="center"| wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wō''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōm''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''um''' ||align="center"| wul'''us'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''um''' ||align="center"| wul'''us'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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===i-stems===
===i-stems===


The feminine i-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine. There is no neuter i-stem in Walthungian.
The feminine i-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine. There is no neuter i-stem in Valthungian.


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
Line 1,010: Line 1,010:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| mat'''eis''' ||align="center"| mat'''ē''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| mat'''eis''' ||align="center"| mat'''ē''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| met'''is'''* ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| met'''is'''* ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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====Consonant-stems====
====Consonant-stems====


Proto-Germanic and Gothic consonant-stems don't really belong here under i-stem nouns, but these were all assimilated into the i-stem class in Walthungian. (Neuter consonant stems are... more complicated.)
Proto-Germanic and Gothic consonant-stems don't really belong here under i-stem nouns, but these were all assimilated into the i-stem class in Valthungian. (Neuter consonant stems are... more complicated.)


===u-stems===
===u-stems===
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''aus''' ||align="center"| sun'''au''' ||align="center"| sun'''u'''||align="center"| sun'''jus''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwē''' ||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''aus''' ||align="center"| sun'''au''' ||align="center"| sun'''u'''||align="center"| sun'''jus''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwē''' ||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''is''' ||align="center"| sun'''a''' ||align="center"| sun'''o'''||align="center"| syn'''is'''†||align="center"| syn'''juga'''†||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''is''' ||align="center"| sun'''a''' ||align="center"| sun'''o'''||align="center"| syn'''is'''†||align="center"| syn'''juga'''†||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''aus''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''au''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''iwē''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''um''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''aus''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''au''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''iwē''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''um''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| līð'''o''' ||align="center"| līð'''us''' ||align="center"| līð'''a''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līǧ'''uga'''†||align="center"| līð'''um''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| līð'''o''' ||align="center"| līð'''us''' ||align="center"| līð'''a''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līǧ'''uga'''†||align="center"| līð'''um''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jaus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jau''' ||align="center"| stub'''ju'''||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwē''' ||align="center"| stub'''jum''' ||align="center"| stub'''juns'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jaus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jau''' ||align="center"| stub'''ju'''||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwē''' ||align="center"| stub'''jum''' ||align="center"| stub'''juns'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''ia'''†||align="center"| styb'''io'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''juga'''†||align="center"| styb'''im'''† ||align="center"| styb'''ins'''†  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''ia'''†||align="center"| styb'''io'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''juga'''†||align="center"| styb'''im'''† ||align="center"| styb'''ins'''†  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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===r-stems===
===r-stems===
This is a small class of masculine and feminine nouns that make up some of the oldest words in the Proto-Indo-European lexicon.  There are seven extant examples of this category in Walthungian (only four were attested in Gothic, though ''þjūstra'' is probably an innovation based on ''þjūtra''), all consisting of immediate family members.  There is one other term related to this category, also possibly extrapolated from ''þjūtra'', which is ''ǧūtra'' ‘grandchild’; this has been reanalyzed as a neuter a-stem, but may be found with the dative plural r-stem -um instead of the neuter -am.  Rather than expound on a formula to remember them, here: Just memorize them all!
This is a small class of masculine and feminine nouns that make up some of the oldest words in the Proto-Indo-European lexicon.  There are seven extant examples of this category in Valthungian (only four were attested in Gothic, though ''þjūstra'' is probably an innovation based on ''þjūtra''), all consisting of immediate family members.  There is one other term related to this category, also possibly extrapolated from ''þjūtra'', which is ''ǧūtra'' ‘grandchild’; this has been reanalyzed as a neuter a-stem, but may be found with the dative plural r-stem -um instead of the neuter -am.  Rather than expound on a formula to remember them, here: Just memorize them all!


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 1,084: Line 1,084:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rs''' ||align="center"| -'''r''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rjus''' ||align="center"| -'''rē''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rs''' ||align="center"| -'''r''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rjus''' ||align="center"| -'''rē''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris'''* ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris'''* ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| auhs'''a''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ins''' ||align="center"| auhs'''in''' ||align="center"| auhs'''an'''||align="center"| auhs'''ans''' ||align="center"| auhs'''anē''' ||align="center"| auhs'''am''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| auhs'''a''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ins''' ||align="center"| auhs'''in''' ||align="center"| auhs'''an'''||align="center"| auhs'''ans''' ||align="center"| auhs'''anē''' ||align="center"| auhs'''am''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ans'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ins''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''in''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''na'''||align="center"| ǭs'''nas''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ana''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''nas'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ins''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''in''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''na'''||align="center"| ǭs'''nas''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ana''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''nas'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ins''' ||align="center"| hairt'''in''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō'''||align="center"| hairt'''ōna''' ||align="center"| hairt'''anē''' ||align="center"| hairt'''am''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ōna'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ins''' ||align="center"| hairt'''in''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō'''||align="center"| hairt'''ōna''' ||align="center"| hairt'''anē''' ||align="center"| hairt'''am''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ōna'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| hert'''a''' ||align="center"| hert'''ins''' ||align="center"| hert'''in''' ||align="center"| hert'''a'''||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ma''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| hert'''a''' ||align="center"| hert'''ins''' ||align="center"| hert'''in''' ||align="center"| hert'''a'''||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ma''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| qin'''ō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn'''||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōnō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōm''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| qin'''ō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn'''||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōnō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōm''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| kwin'''a''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an'''||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ana''' ||align="center"| kwin'''am''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans'''  
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| kwin'''a''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an'''||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ana''' ||align="center"| kwin'''am''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans'''  
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
Line 1,158: Line 1,158:
===(i)jan- and (i)jōn-stems===
===(i)jan- and (i)jōn-stems===


I will treat the –ja- and –ija- stems together, since they are identical in Gothic and Walthungian. Note that paltalization (and, by extension, umlaut) applies in ''all'' declensions.
I will treat the –ja- and –ija- stems together, since they are identical in Gothic and Valthungian. Note that paltalization (and, by extension, umlaut) applies in ''all'' declensions.


'''Weak Masculine (i)jan-Stems'''
'''Weak Masculine (i)jan-Stems'''
Line 1,170: Line 1,170:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ja'''||align="center"| wil'''jins'''||align="center"| wil'''jin'''||align="center"| wil'''jan'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''||align="center"| wil'''janē'''||align="center"| wil'''jam'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ja'''||align="center"| wil'''jins'''||align="center"| wil'''jin'''||align="center"| wil'''jan'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''||align="center"| wil'''janē'''||align="center"| wil'''jam'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ia'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''ina'''†||align="center"| wil'''im'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ia'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''ina'''†||align="center"| wil'''im'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
Line 1,186: Line 1,186:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jins''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jin''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jōna''' ||align="center"| sigl'''janē''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jam''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jōna'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jins''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jin''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jōna''' ||align="center"| sigl'''janē''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jam''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jōna'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ins'''†||align="center"| sigl'''in'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''im'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ins'''†||align="center"| sigl'''in'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''im'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†
|-
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| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>‡ This noun was borrowed into Gothic from Latin; the Proto-Germanic here is extrapolated. The –(i)- in the Proto-Germanic form would have appeared in this declension (had it existed), but I leave it in parentheses here because there is still a difference between –jô and –ijô stems in Proto-Germanic.</small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>‡ This noun was borrowed into Gothic from Latin; the Proto-Germanic here is extrapolated. The –(i)- in the Proto-Germanic form would have appeared in this declension (had it existed), but I leave it in parentheses here because there is still a difference between –jô and –ijô stems in Proto-Germanic.</small>
Line 1,202: Line 1,202:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| brun'''jō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn'''||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōm''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| brun'''jō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn'''||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōm''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns'''
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|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| bryn'''ia'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ina'''†||align="center"| bryn'''im'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| bryn'''ia'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ina'''†||align="center"| bryn'''im'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†
|-
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
Line 1,230: Line 1,230:
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ei''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein'''||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''einō''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eim''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins'''
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ei''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein'''||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''einō''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eim''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins'''
|-
|-
|align="right"| '''''Walthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǣð'''i'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ina'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''im'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǣð'''i'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ina'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''im'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*
|-
|-
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