Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
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The palato-alveolar fricatives and affricates are pronounced in a range between alveolar palatalized (like Ukrainian /sʲ/ and /t͡sʲ/) and trully palato-alveolar (like Polish /ɕ/ and /t͡ɕ/) depending on a speaker. Unlike Ukrainian palatalized consonants, Ruthenian ones are trully palatal. Phoneme written "w" is pronounced [ʋ] before front vowels and [w] elsewhere. The friction of /x/ is weaker than in Ukrainian and intervocally is closer to English /h/. Velar plosives /k/ and /g/ are palatalized to /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ before a front vowel. /x/ can also be palatalized in the northern parts of Ruthenian-speaking territory. /f/ may often be pronounced as /xʷ/ or /ʍ/ | The palato-alveolar fricatives and affricates are pronounced in a range between alveolar palatalized (like Ukrainian /sʲ/ and /t͡sʲ/) and trully palato-alveolar (like Polish /ɕ/ and /t͡ɕ/) depending on a speaker. Unlike Ukrainian palatalized consonants, Ruthenian ones are trully palatal. Phoneme written "w" is pronounced [ʋ] before front vowels and [w] elsewhere. The friction of /x/ is weaker than in Ukrainian and intervocally is closer to English /h/. Velar plosives /k/ and /g/ are palatalized to /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ before a front vowel. /x/ can also be palatalized in the northern parts of Ruthenian-speaking territory. /f/ may often be pronounced as /xʷ/ or /ʍ/ | ||
===Alterations=== | |||
Ruthenian has non-syllabic [ɪ̯] and [ʊ̯], as an allophone of /j/ and /w/ respectively. These semivowels are used in syllable codas: after a vowel and before a consonant, either within a word or between words: | |||
win ide /ˈwin iˈdɛ/ ("he is going") | |||
wona jde /wɔˈnɑ ɪ̯dɛ/ ("she is going") | |||
piduczyty /piduˈt͡ʂɪtɪ/ ("to learn more") | |||
wywczyty /wɪʊ̯ˈt͡ʂɪtɪ/ ("to have learnt") | |||
That feature is shared with Belarusian and Ukrainian, two closely related languages with many cognates. | |||
Unlike Ukrainian, in Ruthenian final devoicing can occure for stops, for example, in ''ďid'' "grandfather", which can be pronounced either [ˈɟiːd] or [ˈɟiːt]. Word-medially this fenomenon occures very often: ''bereza'' "birch" [bɛ.ˈrɛ.z̪ɑ] - ''berezka'' "small birch" [bɛ̝.ˈrɛ̝ːs̪.kɑ]. | Unlike Ukrainian, in Ruthenian final devoicing can occure for stops, for example, in ''ďid'' "grandfather", which can be pronounced either [ˈɟiːd] or [ˈɟiːt]. Word-medially this fenomenon occures very often: ''bereza'' "birch" [bɛ.ˈrɛ.z̪ɑ] - ''berezka'' "small birch" [bɛ̝.ˈrɛ̝ːs̪.kɑ]. | ||