Ruthenian: Difference between revisions

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Three of the types consist of two different subgroups: hard and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The hard group consists of all other nouns. The fourth type contains two subgroups: those with an "n" insert, and those with a "t" insert. In Medieval times the "s" subgroup existed, but these nouns have typically become the second type.
Three of the types consist of two different subgroups: hard and soft. The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The hard group consists of all other nouns. The fourth type contains two subgroups: those with an "n" insert, and those with a "t" insert. In Medieval times the "s" subgroup existed, but these nouns have typically become the second type.
The accending (acute) accent is marked differently from the descending (grave) one, like in ''beréza'' ("birch", acute accent) and ''kìt'' ("cat", grave accent); long vowels are marked with a macron, as in ''žytiḗ'' ("life"). They are not usually found in texts, except dictionaries and grammar workbooks and also sometimes to avoid confusion between word forms that would be written alike: ''mòje žytiḗ'' ("my life"), ''mojèho žỳtiē'' ("of my life").
====First declension====
====First declension====
This declension consists of nouns that end in "a" or "ia". It consists primarily of '''feminine''' nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to professions can be either '''masculine''' or '''feminine'''. In these cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding "-iw", such as ''teslia'' - ''tesliw'' Nouns referring to people can also take this ending.
This declension consists of nouns that end in "a" or "ia". It consists primarily of '''feminine''' nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to professions can be either '''masculine''' or '''feminine'''. In these cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding "-iw", such as ''teslia'' - ''tesliw'' Nouns referring to people can also take this ending.
{| class="wikitable" align=center
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''First declension'''
|+ '''First declension'''
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" | ''beréza'' - "birch"
! colspan="3" | ''kyrnýcia'' - "well"
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
Line 351: Line 356:
! Soft
! Soft
|-  
|-  
| '''Nominative''' || berez'''a'''  || kyrnyc'''ia''' || bereź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || berez'''y'''  || kyrnyc'''iy'''
| '''Nominative''' || beréz'''a'''  || kyrnýc'''ia''' || beréź'''i'''  || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y'''  || kyrnýc'''iy'''
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || berez'''y'''  ||  kyrnyc'''iy''' || ber'''i'''z  ||  kyrnyc || ber'''i'''z  ||  kyrnyc
| '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || beréz'''y'''  ||  kyrnýc'''iy''' || ber'''ì'''z  ||  kyrnỳc || ber'''ì'''z  ||  kyrnỳc
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || bereź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || berez'''ama'''  || kyrnyc'''iema''' || berez'''am'''  || kyrnyc'''iam'''
| '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i'''  || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ama'''  || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''am'''  || kyrnýc'''iam'''
|-
|-
| '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || berez'''u'''  || kyrnyc'''iu''' || bereź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || berez'''y'''  || kyrnyc'''iy'''
| '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || beréz'''u'''  || kyrnýc'''iu''' || beréź'''i'''  || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y'''  || kyrnýc'''iy'''
|-
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || berez'''ow''' || kyrnyc'''ew''' || berez'''ama''' || kyrnyc'''iema''' || berez'''amy''' || kyrnyc'''iemy'''
| '''Instrumental''' || beréz'''ow''' || kyrnýc'''ew''' || berez'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''amy''' || kyrnyc'''ièmy'''
|-
|-
| '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || bereź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || berez'''ach'''  || kyrnyc'''ach''' || berez'''ach'''  || kyrnyc'''iach'''
| '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i'''  || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ach'''  || kyrnýc'''ach''' || beréz'''ach'''  || kyrnýc'''iach'''
|-
|-
| '''Vocative'''  || berez'''o'''  || kyrnyc'''e''' || bereź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || berez'''y'''  || kyrnyc'''iy'''
| '''Vocative'''  || beréz'''o'''  || kyrnýc'''e''' || beréź'''i'''  || kyrnyć'''i''' || beréz'''y'''  || kyrnýc'''iy'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="wikitable" align=center
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''Second declension, masculine'''
|+ '''Second declension, masculine'''
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" | ''kìt'' - "cat"
! colspan="3" | ''kìń'' - "horse"
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
Line 385: Line 393:
! Soft
! Soft
|-  
|-  
| '''Nominative''' || k'''i'''t  || k'''i'''ń || kot'''a'''  || kon'''ia''' || kot'''y'''  || kon'''iy'''
| '''Nominative''' || k'''ì'''t  || k'''ì'''ń || kot'''á'''  || kòn'''ia''' || kot'''ý'''  || kòn'''iy'''
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''<sup>1</sup> || kot'''a'''  ||  kon'''ia''' || kot'''iw'''  ||  kon'''iw''' || kot'''iw'''  ||  kon'''ej'''
| '''Genitive'''<sup>1</sup> || kot'''á'''  ||  kon'''iá''' || kot'''ìw'''  ||  kòn'''iw''' || kot'''ìw'''  ||  kòn'''ȳ'''
|-
|-
| '''Dative''' || kot'''owy'''  || kon'''ewy''' || kot'''oma'''  || kon'''ioma''' || kot'''om'''  || kon'''iom'''
| '''Dative''' || kot'''ówy'''  || kon'''éwy''' || kot'''óma'''  || kon'''ióma''' || kot'''om'''  || kòn'''iem'''
|-
|-
| '''Accusative'''<sup>2</sup> || kot'''a'''  || kon'''ia''' || kot'''a'''  || kon'''ia''' || kot'''y'''  || kon'''iy'''
| '''Accusative'''<sup>2</sup> || kot'''á'''  || kon'''iá''' || kot'''á'''  || kon'''ia''' || kòt'''y'''  || kòn'''iy'''
|-
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || kot'''om''' || kon'''em''' || kot'''oma''' || kon'''iema''' || kot'''amy''' || kon'''iemy'''
| '''Instrumental''' || kot'''óm''' || kon'''ém''' || kot'''óma''' || kon'''iema''' || kot'''ámy''' || kon'''iámy'''
|-
|-
| '''Locative'''<sup>3</sup> || koť'''i'''  || koń'''i''' || kot'''och'''  || kon'''ioch''' || kot'''och'''  || kon'''ioch'''
| '''Locative'''<sup>3</sup> || koť'''í'''  || koń'''í''' || kot'''óch'''  || kon'''iech''' || kot'''óch'''  || kòn'''iech'''
|-
|-
| '''Vocative'''<sup>4</sup>  || kot'''e'''  || kon'''iu''' || kot'''a'''  || kon'''ia''' || kot'''y'''  || kon'''iy'''
| '''Vocative'''<sup>4</sup>  || kòt'''e'''  || kòn'''iu''' || kòt'''a'''  || kòn'''ia''' || kòt'''y'''  || kòn'''iy'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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#Nouns that take the -і ending undergo the first palatalisation, while those taking the -u ending do not.
#Nouns that take the -і ending undergo the first palatalisation, while those taking the -u ending do not.
#If the ending -е is used, then the first palatalization occurs. However, it can be avoided by using the -u form.
#If the ending -е is used, then the first palatalization occurs. However, it can be avoided by using the -u form.
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''Second declension, neuter'''
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | ''bolóto'' - "swamp"
! colspan="3" | ''sòńce'' - "sun"
! colspan="3" | ''žytiḗ'' - "life"
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="3" |'''Dual'''
! colspan="3" |'''Plural'''
|-
! Hard
! Soft
! Long Soft
! Hard
! Soft
! Long Soft
! Hard
! Soft
! Long Soft
|-
| '''Nominative''' || bolót'''o'''  || sònc'''e''' || žyt'''iḗ'''  || bolóť'''i'''  || sońć'''í''' || žyt'''ī́''' || bolóť'''a'''  || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ'''
|-
| '''Genitive''' || bolót'''a'''  ||  sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bol'''í'''t || sońć'''íw''' || žyt'''ī́w'''/žýť'''ī'''<sup>1</sup> || bol'''í'''t  ||  sòn'''e'''c || žyť'''ī́w'''/žýť'''ī'''<sup>1</sup>
|-
| '''Dative''' || bolót'''u'''  || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iū''' || bolót'''oma''' || sońć'''íma''' || žyt'''ī́ma''' || bolót'''om''' || sònc'''iem''' || žyt'''iḗm'''
|-
| '''Accusative''' || bolót'''o''' || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bolóť'''i''' || sońć'''í''' || žyť'''ī́''' || bolóť'''a'''  || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ''' 
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || bolót'''om''' || sònc'''e''' || žyt'''iḗm''' || bolót'''oma''' || sońć'''íma''' || žyť'''ī́ma''' || bolot'''ámy''' || sonc'''iámy''' || žyť'''ī́my'''
|-
| '''Locative'''<sup>2</sup> || bolóť'''i'''  || sòńć'''i''' || žyt'''ī́''' || bolót'''och''' || sonc'''iéch''' || žyť'''ī́ch''' || bolót'''och'''  || sonc'''iéch''' || žyť'''ī́ch'''
|-
| '''Vocative''' || bolót'''o'''  || sònc'''e''' || žỳt'''iē''' || bolóť'''i'''  || sońć'''í''' || žyt'''iḗ''' || bolóť'''a'''  || sonc'''iá''' || žyt'''iḗ'''
|-
|}
#The older form ''žýťī'' is often used, but the newer ''žyťī́w'' is more used in areas, where Ukrainian dominates.
#The second palatalization do not occure in long soft subtype.
====Third declension====
Though once containing both feminine and masculine nouns, this declension now consists only of '''feminine''' nouns that end in a consonant. All third type masculine nouns are now declined as the second soft type ones, for instance: earlier ''звѣ́р/zwěr'' - ''звѣри́/zwěrí'' ("animal", nominative and genitive singular) became ''звíр/zwír'' - ''звíра/zwíra''.
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''Third declension'''
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | ''nìcz'' - "night"
! colspan="3" | ''ťìń'' - "shadow"
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
! colspan="2" |'''Plural'''
|-
! Hard
! Soft
! Hard
! Soft
! Hard
! Soft
|-
| '''Nominative''' || n'''ì'''cz || ťíń || nòcz'''i'''  || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y'''  || ťín'''i'''
|-
| '''Genitive''' || nòcz'''y''' ||  ťín'''iy''' || nocz'''ȳ́'''  ||  ťín'''ȳ''' || nocz'''ȳ́''' || ťín'''ȳ'''
|-
| '''Dative''' || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nocz'''ýma'''  || ťíń'''ima''' || nocz'''ám''' || ťíń'''am'''
|-
| '''Accusative'''|| n'''ì'''cz  || ťíń || nòcz'''i'''  || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťíń'''i'''
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || nòcz'''ew''' || ťín'''ew''' || nocz'''ýma''' || ťíń'''ima''' || nocz'''ámy''' || ťín'''iamy'''
|-
| '''Locative''' || nocz'''í''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''ach'''  || ťín'''iach''' || nòcz'''ach''' || ťíń'''ach'''
|-
| '''Vocative''' || nòcz'''e''' || ťín'''e''' || nòcz'''i''' || ťíń'''i''' || nòcz'''y''' || ťíń'''i'''
|-
|}
====Fourth declension====
This declension consists of solely '''neuter''' nouns that are derived from Common Slavic *ę. There are two distinct subgroups: "'''t'''" and "'''n'''". The '''s''' subgroup was obsolete already in Old East Slavonic and became a part of the second declension, for example: early Old Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowesá'' ("word", nominative singular and plural) became Old Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowā́'' and finally Ruthenian ''slòwo'' - ''slowá''.
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ '''Fourth declension'''
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | ''ìmje'' - "name"
! colspan="3" | ''teliỳ'' - "calf"
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Singular'''
! colspan="2" |'''Dual'''
! colspan="2" |'''Plural'''
|-
! Hard
! Soft
! Hard
! Soft
! Hard
! Soft
|-
| '''Nominative''' || ìm'''jy''' || teliỳ || ime'''ní'''  || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''ta'''
|-
| '''Genitive''' || ìme'''ny''' ||  teliý'''ta''' || imè'''n''' || teliý'''t''' || imè'''n''' || teliý'''t'''
|-
| '''Dative''' || ìme'''ńi''' || teliý'''tu''' || ime'''nóma'''  || teliý'''toma''' || ime'''nóm''' || teliý'''tom'''
|-
| '''Accusative'''|| ìm'''jy'''  || teliỳ || ime'''ní''' || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''t'''
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || ìme'''nem''' || teliý'''tom''' || ime'''nóma''' || teliý'''toma''' || imen'''ámy''' || teliý'''tamy'''
|-
| '''Locative''' || ìme'''ńi''' || teliý'''ti''' || ime'''nóch'''  || teliý'''toch''' || ime'''nóch''' || teliý'''toch'''
|-
| '''Vocative''' || ìm'''jy''' || teliỳ || ime'''ní''' || teliý'''ťi''' || ime'''ná''' || teliý'''ta'''
|-
|}
===Adjectives===
Ruthenian adjectives always agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Like in nouns there are 2 different declension types: hard and soft.
{| align=center class="wikitable"
|+ '''Hard Declension'''
|-
! colspan="3" | ''bílȳ'' - "white"
! colspan="3" | ''sýniȳ'' - "blue"
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" align="center" |'''Singular''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Dual''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Plural'''
|-
! Masculine
! Neuter
! Feminine
|-
| '''Nominative''' || bíl'''ȳ''' || bíl'''ā''' || bíl'''ē''' || bíľ'''i''' || bíl'''i'''
|-
| '''Genitive''' || bíl'''oho''' || bíl'''oj(i)''' || bíl'''oho''' || bíl'''ych'''|| bíl'''ych'''
|-
| '''Dative''' || bíl'''omu''' || bíľ'''ī''' || bíl'''omu''' || bíl'''yma''' || bíl'''ym'''
|-
| '''Accusative'''<sup>1</sup> || bíl'''ȳ/oho''' || bíl'''ū''' || bíl'''ē/oho''' || bíľ'''i''' || bíl'''ych'''
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || bíl'''ym''' || bíl'''ow''' || bíl'''ym''' || bíl'''yma''' || bíl'''ymy'''
|-
| '''Locative''' || bíľ'''īm''' || bíľ'''ī''' || bíľ'''īm''' || bíl'''ych''' || bíl'''ych'''
|-
|}
#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case.
{| align=center class="wikitable"
|+ '''Hard Declension'''
|-
! colspan="3" | ''bílȳ'' - "white"
! colspan="3" | ''sýniȳ'' - "blue"
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" align="center" |'''Singular''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Dual''' !! rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Plural'''
|-
! Masculine
! Neuter
! Feminine
|-
| '''Nominative''' || sýn'''iȳ''' || sýn'''iā''' || sýn'''iē''' || sýń'''i''' || sýń'''i'''
|-
| '''Genitive''' || sýn'''eho''' || sýn'''ȳ''' || sýn'''eho''' || sýn'''ych''' || sýn'''ych'''
|-
| '''Dative''' || sýn'''emu''' || sýn'''ī''' || sýn'''emu''' || sýn'''yma''' || sýn'''iym'''
|-
| '''Accusative'''<sup>1</sup> || sýn'''iȳ/eho''' || sýn'''iū''' || sýn'''iē/eho''' || sýń'''i''' || sýń'''ych'''
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || sýn'''ym''' || sýn'''ew''' || sýn'''ym''' || sýn'''yma''' || sýn'''ymy'''
|-
| '''Locative''' || sýń'''īm''' || sýń'''ī''' || sýń'''īm''' || sýn'''iych''' || sýn'''iych'''
|-
|}
#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
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