Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
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The accending (acute) accent is marked differently from the descending (grave) one, like in ''beréza'' ("birch", acute accent) and ''kìt'' ("cat", grave accent); long vowels are marked with a macron, as in ''žytiḗ'' ("life"). They are not usually found in texts, except dictionaries and grammar workbooks and also sometimes to avoid confusion between word forms that would be written alike: ''mòje žytiḗ'' ("my life"), ''mojèho žỳtiē'' ("of my life"). | The accending (acute) accent is marked differently from the descending (grave) one, like in ''beréza'' ("birch", acute accent) and ''kìt'' ("cat", grave accent); long vowels are marked with a macron, as in ''žytiḗ'' ("life"). They are not usually found in texts, except dictionaries and grammar workbooks and also sometimes to avoid confusion between word forms that would be written alike: ''mòje žytiḗ'' ("my life"), ''mojèho žỳtiē'' ("of my life"). | ||
====First declension==== | ====First declension==== | ||
This declension consists of nouns that end in "a" or " | This declension consists of nouns that end in "-a", "-ia" or "-i". It consists primarily of '''feminine''' nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to professions can be either '''masculine''' or '''feminine'''. In these cases, the genitive plural is often formed by adding "-iw", such as ''teslia'' - ''tesliw'' Nouns referring to people can also take this ending. Feminine nouns in "-i" (like ''gazdyni'' "housewife") have this ending only in the nominative and vocative singular. In all other cases they decline like soft a-stem nouns. | ||
{| class="wikitable" align=center | {| class="wikitable" align=center | ||
|+ '''First declension''' | |+ '''First declension''' | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="3" | ''beréza'' - "birch" | ! colspan="3" | ''beréza'' - "birch" | ||
! colspan="3" | ''kyrnýcia'' - "well" | |||
! colspan="3" | ''kyrnýcia'' - "well" | ! colspan="3" | ''kyrnýcia'' - "well" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! Soft | ! Soft | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nominative''' || beréz'''a''' || kyrnýc'''ia''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | | '''Nominative''' || beréz'''a''' || kyrnýc'''ia''' || páń'''i''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || páń'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || pán'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc | | '''Genitive'''<sup>2</sup> || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || pán'''iy''' || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc || páń || ber'''ì'''z || kyrnỳc ||páń | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''am''' || kyrnýc'''iam''' | | '''Dative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || páń'''i''' || beréz'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || pán'''iema''' || beréz'''am''' || kyrnýc'''iam''' || pán'''iam''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || beréz'''u''' || kyrnýc'''iu''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | | '''Accusative'''<sup>3</sup> || beréz'''u''' || kyrnýc'''iu''' || pán'''iu''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || páń'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || pán'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Instrumental''' || beréz'''ow''' || kyrnýc'''ew''' || berez'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || beréz'''amy''' || kyrnyc'''ièmy''' | | '''Instrumental''' || beréz'''ow''' || kyrnýc'''ew''' || pán'''ew''' || berez'''ama''' || kyrnýc'''iema''' || pán'''iema''' || beréz'''amy''' || kyrnyc'''ièmy''' || pán'''iemy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''ach''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''iach''' | | '''Locative'''<sup>1</sup> || beréź'''i''' || kyrnýć'''i''' || páń'''i''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''ach''' || pán'''iach''' || beréz'''ach''' || kyrnýc'''iach''' || pán'''iach''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Vocative''' || beréz'''o''' || kyrnýc'''e''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnyć'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' | | '''Vocative''' || beréz'''o''' || kyrnýc'''e''' || páń'''i''' || beréź'''i''' || kyrnyć'''i''' || páń'''i''' || beréz'''y''' || kyrnýc'''iy''' || pán'''iy''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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# If two or more consonants are left at the end of the word, then a fill vowel may be inserted. | # If two or more consonants are left at the end of the word, then a fill vowel may be inserted. | ||
# The genitive form is used for all animate nouns, while inanimate nouns take the nominative form. | # The genitive form is used for all animate nouns, while inanimate nouns take the nominative form. | ||
====Second declension==== | ====Second declension==== | ||
The second declension consists of '''masculine''' and '''neuter''' nouns. Masculine nouns primarily end in a consonant, while neuter nouns end in "-o", "-e" or "-ie" ([eː]). | The second declension consists of '''masculine''' and '''neuter''' nouns. Masculine nouns primarily end in a consonant, while neuter nouns end in "-o", "-e" or "-ie" ([eː]). | ||