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=====Class VII strong verbs===== | =====Class VII strong verbs===== | ||
=====Irregular strong verbs===== --> | =====Irregular strong verbs===== --> | ||
There are a few irregular strong verbs: | There are a few irregular strong verbs: | ||
*Class 2: ''glouken, glåk, glukje, gluken'' "to lock" - irregular present stem vowel | *Class 2: ''glouken, glåk, glukje, gluken'' "to lock" - irregular present stem vowel | ||
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*Class 6: ''standen, stoþ, stoþje, staþen'' "to stand" - irregular ''-n-'' and voicing in present stem | *Class 6: ''standen, stoþ, stoþje, staþen'' "to stand" - irregular ''-n-'' and voicing in present stem | ||
*Unclassified: ''wisen'' "to be"; ''gangen'' "to go" - these are technically strong verbs, but they are usually treated separately due to their high degree of irregularity (see [[Gothedish#Suppletive_verbs|suppletive verbs]] below). | *Unclassified: ''wisen'' "to be"; ''gangen'' "to go" - these are technically strong verbs, but they are usually treated separately due to their high degree of irregularity (see [[Gothedish#Suppletive_verbs|suppletive verbs]] below). | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Example of regular strong verb: '''drinken''' "to drink" (class 3) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | drinken | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present participle | |||
| colspan="4" | drinkend | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past participle | |||
| colspan="4" | drunken | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2"| Present !! colspan="2" | Past !! rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| drinke || drinke || drank || drunkje || drinke | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| drinkes || drinkes || draht || drunkjes || drink | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| drinkeþ || drinke || drank || drunkje || drinke | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| drinkem || drinkem || drunkem || drunkjem || drinkem | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| drinkets || drinkets || drunkets || drunkjets || drinkets | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| drinken || drinken || drunken || drunkjen || drinken | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Example of irregular strong verb: '''standen''' "to stand" (class 6) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | standen | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present participle | |||
| colspan="4" | standend | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past participle | |||
| colspan="4" | staþen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2"| Present !! colspan="2" | Past !! rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| stande || stande || stoþ || stoþje || stande | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| standes || standes || stost || stoþjes || stand | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| standeþ || stande || stoþ || stoþje || stande | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| standem || standem || stoþem || stoþjem || standem | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| standets || standets || stoþets || stoþjets || standets | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| standen || standen || stoþen || stoþen || standen | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle with a dental suffix. There are two classes of weak verbs. | Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle with a dental suffix. There are two classes of weak verbs. | ||
There is one irregular class 1 weak verb with a non-iotated present stem: ''bringen'' "to bring" (past stem: ''braht-''). | Class 1 weak verbs have an iotated present stem. In the past tense, ''-d-'' is devoiced to ''-t-'' after obstruents, which are fricatized (see [[Gothedish#Addition_of_-t-|morphophonology]] for more information). There is one irregular class 1 weak verb with a non-iotated present stem: ''bringen'' "to bring" (past stem: ''braht-''). | ||
In class 2 weak verbs, the past ''-d-'' does not affect the preceding consonant and is only devoiced if preceded by a devoiced consonant. Vowel length is preserved. | In class 2 weak verbs, the past ''-d-'' does not affect the preceding consonant and is only devoiced if preceded by a devoiced consonant. Vowel length is preserved. | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Example of class 1 weak verb: '''þankjen''' "to think" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | þankjen | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present participle | |||
| colspan="4" | þankjend | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past participle | |||
| colspan="4" | þaht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2"| Present !! colspan="2" | Past !! rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| þankje || þankje || þahte || þahtje || þankje | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| þankjes || þankjes || þahtes || þahtjes || þankj | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| þankjeþ || þankje || þahte || þahtje || þankje | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| þankjem || þankjem || þahtem || þahtjem || þankjem | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| þankjets || þankjets || þahtets || þahtjets || þankjets | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| þankjen || þankjen || þahten || þahtjen || þankjen | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Example of class 1 weak verb: '''skamen''' "to shame" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | skamen | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present participle | |||
| colspan="4" | skamend | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past participle | |||
| colspan="4" | skámd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2"| Present !! colspan="2" | Past !! rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| skame || skame || skámde || skámdje || skame | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| skames || skames || skámdes || skámdjes || skam | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| skameþ || skame || skámde || skámdje || skame | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| skamem || skamem || skámdem || skámdjem || skamem | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| skamets || skamets || skámdets || skámdjets || skamets | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| skamen || skamen || skámden || skámdjen || skamen | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== |