Proto-Coelo-Caric: Difference between revisions
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The following changes are known or presumed to have occurred in the history of Carichendan in the wider sense from the end of Proto-Coelo-Caric up to the modern language. The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. | The following changes are known or presumed to have occurred in the history of Carichendan in the wider sense from the end of Proto-Coelo-Caric up to the modern language. The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. | ||
====Pre- | ====Pre-Carichendan (pC)==== | ||
This stage began with the separation of a distinct speech, perhaps while still forming part of the Proto-Indo-European dialect continuum. It contained many innovations that were shared with other Indo-European branches to various degrees, probably through areal contacts, and mutual intelligibility with other dialects would have remained for some time. It was nevertheless on its own path, whether dialect or language. | This stage began with the separation of a distinct speech, perhaps while still forming part of the Proto-Indo-European dialect continuum. It contained many innovations that were shared with other Indo-European branches to various degrees, probably through areal contacts, and mutual intelligibility with other dialects would have remained for some time. It was nevertheless on its own path, whether dialect or language. | ||
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* Word-finally, it merged with */m/ | * Word-finally, it merged with */m/ | ||
*It is not certain whether this change or the precursors to such a change had already occurred in Proto-Coelo-Caric, as a similar change is observed in Pre-Silōs. | *It is not certain whether this change or the precursors to such a change had already occurred in Proto-Coelo-Caric, as a similar change is observed in Pre-Silōs. | ||
|} | |||
====Primitive Carichendan (PmC)==== | |||
This stage began its evolution as a form of [[Centum-satem isogloss|centum]] [[PIE]] that had lost its laryngeals and had five long and six short vowels, as well as one or two overlong vowels. The consonant system was still that of PIE minus palatovelars and laryngeals, but the loss of syllabic resonants already made the language markedly different from PIE proper. Mutual intelligibility might have still existed, but strained, and this period marked the definitive break of Germanic from the other Indo-European languages and the beginning of Germanic proper, containing most of the sound changes that are now held to define this branch distinctively. This stage contained various consonant and vowel shifts, the loss of contrastive accent, and the beginnings of the reduction of unstressed syllables as a result. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''Spiration of voiceless fricatives''': The non-sibilant voiceless fricatives, */ɸ/, */þ/, and */h/, widely merge onto */h/, with some exceptions: | ||
* When */ɸ/ is adjacent to palatalization or the vowel */e/, it instead becomes */j/, probably at first [ç] — *teɸnɔe "speech, language" > *djeɸna > *djejna > ''dyela'' "to say" | |||
* This sound change coincides with the next one. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''First palatalization''': | |'''First palatalization''': | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''*/ð/ > */d/''' — *ʼnakis "strength" > *ðakix > *dakix > ''dakish'' | |'''*/ð/ > */d/''' — *ʼnakis "strength" > *ðakix > *dakix > ''dakish'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Old Carichendan (OC)==== | ||
By this stage, Germanic had emerged as a distinctive branch and had undergone many of the sound changes that would make its later descendants recognisable as Germanic languages. It had shifted its consonant inventory from a system rich in plosives to one containing primarily fricatives, had lost the PIE mobile pitch accent in favour of a predictable stress accent, and had merged two of its vowels. The stress accent had also begun to cause the erosion of unstressed syllables already, which would continue in its descendants up to the present day. This final stage of the language included the remaining development until the breakup into dialects, and most notably featured the appearance of nasal vowels and the first beginning of [[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]], another characteristic Germanic feature. | By this stage, Germanic had emerged as a distinctive branch and had undergone many of the sound changes that would make its later descendants recognisable as Germanic languages. It had shifted its consonant inventory from a system rich in plosives to one containing primarily fricatives, had lost the PIE mobile pitch accent in favour of a predictable stress accent, and had merged two of its vowels. The stress accent had also begun to cause the erosion of unstressed syllables already, which would continue in its descendants up to the present day. This final stage of the language included the remaining development until the breakup into dialects, and most notably featured the appearance of nasal vowels and the first beginning of [[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]], another characteristic Germanic feature. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''*/md/ > */nd/''' — *teʼni "name" > *semdi > ''sandi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''*/kn/ > */ŋn/''' — *tsaknali "to know" > *tsaŋnali > ''tsangnali'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''*/nk/ > */ŋg/''' — *sanka let "to buy" > *saŋgalet > ''sangarat'' | ||
* | |||
|} | |} |