Gothedish: Difference between revisions

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*'''The verb ''gangen'' "to go" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S past indicative, past participle
*'''The verb ''gangen'' "to go" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S past indicative, past participle
*'''The verb ''wisen'' "to be" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S present indicative, 1S past indicative, 1S past subjunctive, past participle
*'''The verb ''wisen'' "to be" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S present indicative, 1S past indicative, 1S past subjunctive, past participle
====Tenses, aspects, moods====
*'''Simple present:''' present indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sähve</b> þuk.'' "I '''see''' you."
**'''Subjunctive:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sähve</b> þuk, <b>afgange</b>.'' "If I '''see''' you, I '''will leave'''."
*'''Simple past:''' past indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sahv</b> þuk.'' "I '''saw''' you."
**'''Subjunctive:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sehje</b> þuk, <b>afingje</b>.'' "If I '''had seen''' you, I '''would have left'''."
*'''Jussive/hortative:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Afgange</b>.'' "I '''should leave'''."
*'''Imperative:''' imperative - e.g. ''<b>Afgang</b>!'' "'''Leave'''!"
**'''Negative:''' ''ne'' + present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Ne afganges</b>!'' "'''Don't leave'''!"
*'''Present/past continuous:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + present participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangendes</b>.'' "I '''am leaving'''."
*'''Present/past perfect:'''
**'''Intransitive verbs of motion/change of state:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangenes</b>.'' "I '''have left'''."
**'''Other verbs:''' present/past of ''haben'' "to have" + past participle (agrees with direct object) - e.g. ''<b>Habe</b> þuk <b>sähvenes</b>.'' "I '''have seen''' you."
*'''Future:''' present of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>mag</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''will see''' you."
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*'''Present conditional:'''
**'''Simple:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Ik <b>sehje</b> þuk.'' "I '''would see''' you."
**'''Compound:''' present subjunctive of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>magje</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would see''' you."
*'''Past conditional:''' past subjunctive of perfect auxiliary (''wisen/haben'') + past participle (agrees with subject/direct object) - e.g. ''Ik <b>sie</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would have seen''' you."
-->
====Voice====
*'''Active:''' Basic form - e.g. ''Ik <b>sähve</b> þuk.'' "I '''see''' you."
*'''Middle:''' Use object pronouns for first and second persons, and the middle pronoun for third person - e.g. ''Þou <b>sähves þuk</b>.'' "You '''are visible'''."
*'''Passive:''' There are two kinds of passive.
**'''General passive''': appropriate form of ''wisen'' "to be" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''Þou <b>wast</b> sähvenes.'' "You '''were seen'''."
**'''Inchoative passive''' (refers to beginning of state): appropriate form of ''wärþen'' "to become" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''Þou <b>warst</b> sähvenes.'' "You '''were sighted'''."
*'''Reflexive:''' Use reflexive pronouns - e.g. ''Ik sähve <b>(mi)silben</b>.'' "I see '''myself'''."
*'''Reciprocal:''' Use the reciprocal pronoun ''hvarjander'' "each other" (in the appropriate case) - e.g. ''Jous sähvets <b>hvarjander</b>.'' "You see <b>each other</b>."


====Non-finite forms====
====Non-finite forms====
*'''Infinitive'''
*'''Infinitive'''
*'''Present participle:''' Acts as an adjective, equivalent to English ''-ing''. When nominalized, can function as an agent noun - e.g. ''gangende'' "one who goes/is going; goer".
*'''Present participle:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-nd''. Acts as an adjective, equivalent to English ''-ing''. When nominalized, can function as an agent noun - e.g. ''gangende'' "one who goes/is going; goer".
*'''Past participle:''' Acts as an adjective. Passive for transitive verbs, and active for intransitive verbs. When nominalized, can function as a patient noun for transitive verbs - e.g. ''itene'' "that which is eaten; food". Nominalized intransitive past participles form perfect agent nouns - e.g. ''gangene'' "one who has gone".
*'''Past participle:''' Acts as an adjective. Passive for transitive verbs, and active for intransitive verbs. When nominalized, can function as a patient noun for transitive verbs - e.g. ''itene'' "that which is eaten; food". Nominalized intransitive past participles form perfect agent nouns - e.g. ''gangene'' "one who has gone".
*'''Agent noun:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-rj''. Similar in meaning to nominalized present participle, but refers to a more permanent state - e.g. ''bakerj'' "baker (i.e. someone whose profession is baking)" vs ''bakende'' "one who bakes/is baking (i.e. someone who sometimes bakes or who is currently baking, but who may not be a baker by profession)".
*'''Agent noun:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-rj''. Similar in meaning to nominalized present participle, but refers to a more permanent state - e.g. ''bakerj'' "baker (i.e. someone whose profession is baking)" vs ''bakende'' "one who bakes/is baking (i.e. someone who sometimes bakes or who is currently baking, but who may not be a baker by profession)".
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