Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions

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===Voice===
===Voice===


Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.
'''Ahāmatya''' has three voices:


'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:
* The active voice
* The passive voice '''-ahri-'''
* The middle voice '''-ani-'''


'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
Voice in '''Ahāmatya''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''


* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>''+  V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''


In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Indicative and Subjunctive Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2"  style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Present Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Future Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''<br>''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''<br>''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''<br>''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''<br>''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''<br>''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''<br>''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}


===Infinitive===
===Infinitive===
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