Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The infinitive (''emibąukire daradhūs'') is a non-finite mood which may also be used as a noun in the -eh declension. Often, the infinitive was more common in Classical Chlouvānem than in the modern standard, which replaced it in many instances with the subjunctive. Most times where a verb needs a subjunctive argument in the modern standard, Classical Chlouvānem allowed both possibilities; using the infinitive there today is a deliberate archaization of speech. | The infinitive (''emibąukire daradhūs'') is a non-finite mood which may also be used as a noun in the -eh declension. Often, the infinitive was more common in Classical Chlouvānem than in the modern standard, which replaced it in many instances with the subjunctive. Most times where a verb needs a subjunctive argument in the modern standard, Classical Chlouvānem allowed both possibilities; using the infinitive there today is a deliberate archaization of speech. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = tṛlake daudyute. | ||
| gloss = know-<small>INF</small> | | gloss = know-<small>INF</small>. want.<small>IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I want to know/understand. | | translation = I want to know/understand. | ||
}} | }} | ||
(cf. usual way of expressing this, desiderative ''tatarlyiru'', and also the subjunctive phrase ''tṛlirati daudyute'' which is also heard, especially in the Northeast.) This applies to verbs such as ''daudike'' "to want" (more often desiderative ''junya'' or subj.), but also ''širgake'' "to be possible that", ''novake'' "to be able to" (both more often potential or subj.), ''rileike'' "to need" (more often subj., rarely necessitative<ref>The necessitative ''junya'' conveys a stronger obligation than ''rileike'', cf. English "must" vs. "have to".</ref>). | (cf. usual way of expressing this, desiderative ''tatarlyiru'', and also the subjunctive phrase ''tṛlirati daudyute'' which is also heard, especially in the Northeast.) This applies to verbs such as ''daudike'' "to want" (more often desiderative ''junya'' or subj.), but also ''širgake'' "to be possible that", ''novake'' "to be able to" (both more often potential or subj.), ''rileike'' "to need" (more often subj., rarely necessitative<ref>The necessitative ''junya'' conveys a stronger obligation than ''rileike'', cf. English "must" vs. "have to".</ref>).<br/>The infinitive is similarly archaic even with impersonal verbs, which nowadays are nearly always used with a subjunctive: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nęlte naviṣya pądge lum prābē. | |||
| gloss = four.<small>DIR</small>. book.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_missing-<small>INF</small>. <small>1SG.DAT</small>. disgust.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = I'm disgusted by the fact four books are missing. | |||
}} | |||
(cf. the common form ''nęlte naviṣya pądī lum prābē'', using the subjunctive). | |||
As explained above in the section about the subjunctive, verbs such as ''lelke'', ''vāgdulke'' (both "to choose"), and ''mulke'' (√mun-, to know how to) often take a subjunctive argument, but if their argument is a simple verb + trigger structure (and very often the trigger is a pronoun or determiner, including adverbial ones), then the infinitive is used. | As explained above in the section about the subjunctive, verbs such as ''lelke'', ''vāgdulke'' (both "to choose"), and ''mulke'' (√mun-, to know how to) often take a subjunctive argument, but if their argument is a simple verb + trigger structure (and very often the trigger is a pronoun or determiner, including adverbial ones), then the infinitive is used. | ||