Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions
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! Meaning !! Monodirectional verb (root) !! Multidirectional verb (root) | ! Meaning !! Monodirectional verb (root) !! Multidirectional verb (root) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go, to walk || ''lulke'' (lun-) || '' | | to go, to walk || ''lulke'' (lun-) || ''mbiṇḍhe'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go with a vehicle<small> (trans.)<br/>(except small boats, bikes, and airplanes)</small> || ''vaske'' || ''pūrṣake'' | | to go with a vehicle<small> (trans.)<br/>(except small boats, bikes, and airplanes)</small> || ''vaske'' || ''pūrṣake'' | ||
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As far as morphology is concerned, most of them are regular class 1 or 2 verbs, except for: | As far as morphology is concerned, most of them are regular class 1 or 2 verbs, except for: | ||
* ''lulke'' is highly irregular, with the irregular present singular ''lå, lin, liven'', suppletive past (''dām-, dāmek'') and perfect (''elīs-, elīsa'') stems, as well as the irregular optative stem ''lau-''. | * ''lulke'' is highly irregular, with the irregular present singular ''lå, lin, liven'', suppletive past (''dām-, dāmek'') and perfect (''elīs-, elīsa'') stems, as well as the irregular optative stem ''lau-''. | ||
* ''mṛcce'' is a regular class 2 verb except for the suppletive past stem ''pañc-, pañcek''. | * ''mṛcce'' is a regular class 2 verb except for the suppletive past stem ''pañc-, pañcek''. | ||
* ''lįke'' and ''mųke'' are irregular vocalic stems, behaving as *lis- and *mus- in the present (ablauted in both) and past. | * ''lįke'' and ''mųke'' are irregular vocalic stems, behaving as *lis- and *mus- in the present (ablauted in both) and past. | ||
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Three verbs are used for different ways of going without any external mean: | Three verbs are used for different ways of going without any external mean: | ||
* to go, walk = ''lulke'' (mono), '' | * to go, walk = ''lulke'' (mono), ''mbiṇḍhe'' (multi) | ||
* to run = ''mṛcce'' (mono), ''mālchake'' (multi) | * to run = ''mṛcce'' (mono), ''mālchake'' (multi) | ||
* to swim = ''lįke'' (mono), ''lærṣake'' (multi) | * to swim = ''lįke'' (mono), ''lærṣake'' (multi) | ||
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The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | ||
# Habitual actions: | # Habitual actions: | ||
#: ''jāyim tarlāmahom | #: ''jāyim tarlāmahom mbeṇḍhē'' – the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | ||
#: ''saminą lilyā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' – when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | #: ''saminą lilyā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' – when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | ||
# Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | # Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | ||
#: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | #: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | ||
#: ''marte | #: ''marte mbeṇḍhinta'' – we walk around the city. (cf. Russian phrases with ''по'' as in ''мы ходим по городу'') | ||
# Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | # Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | ||
#: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | #: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | ||