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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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* '''di''' — of; also introduces themes of ditransitive verbs and the arguments of certain verbs. It also translates "about, concerning of". | * '''di''' (< <small>DĒ</small>) — of; also introduces themes of ditransitive verbs and the arguments of certain verbs. It also translates "about, concerning of". | ||
*: ''Ê la suari '''di''' Mateu.'' "it's Matthew's sister." | *: ''Ê la suari '''di''' Mateu.'' "it's Matthew's sister." | ||
*: ''Frolti meu dat-um '''dû''' vos.'' "my brother gives me the vase" | *: ''Frolti meu dat-um '''dû''' vos.'' "my brother gives me the vase" | ||
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*: ''Filyuar meu dimandovit-um '''dôs''' noviṭoṭis.'' "My son asked me about the news/what's new." | *: ''Filyuar meu dimandovit-um '''dôs''' noviṭoṭis.'' "My son asked me about the news/what's new." | ||
*: ''Turi-t '''dil''' pon.'' "I brought you the bread." | *: ''Turi-t '''dil''' pon.'' "I brought you the bread." | ||
* '''aḍ''' – expresses motion to or state in certain places. Typically, some nouns require ''aḍ'', usually public services, islands<ref>But note ''in Sardinya'' and ''in Sixilya''.</ref>, or open spaces, plus singular names of cities and plural countries, while others require ''in''. It also introduces gerunds. | * '''aḍ''' (< <small>AD</small>) – expresses motion to or state in certain places. Typically, some nouns require ''aḍ'', usually public services, islands<ref>But note ''in Sardinya'' and ''in Sixilya''.</ref>, or open spaces, plus singular names of cities and plural countries, while others require ''in''. It also introduces gerunds. | ||
*: ''Sungu '''â''' staxuni.'' "I am at the station." | *: ''Sungu '''â''' staxuni.'' "I am at the station." | ||
*: ''Voḍu '''aḍ''' Midran.'' "I'm going to Milan." | *: ''Voḍu '''aḍ''' Midran.'' "I'm going to Milan." | ||
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*: ''Nil anu proxim iṭur sungu '''âlos''' Sinos.'' "Next year I'll go to China." | *: ''Nil anu proxim iṭur sungu '''âlos''' Sinos.'' "Next year I'll go to China." | ||
*: ''Ê sis mexa hura '''aḍ''' atendiri '''âlus''' missus.'' "He said he waited half an hour at the post office." | *: ''Ê sis mexa hura '''aḍ''' atendiri '''âlus''' missus.'' "He said he waited half an hour at the post office." | ||
* '''in''' — expresses motion to or state in certain places, including most closed buildings, singular countries, and plural names of cities (the reverse of ''aḍ''). It also introduces many expressions of time. | * '''in'''(< <small>IN</small>) — expresses motion to or state in certain places, including most closed buildings, singular countries, and plural names of cities (the reverse of ''aḍ''). It also introduces many expressions of time. | ||
*: ''Sungu '''nila''' taviarna.'' "I am in the shop." | *: ''Sungu '''nila''' taviarna.'' "I am in the shop." | ||
*: ''Voḍu '''in''' Grecia.'' "I am going to Greece." | *: ''Voḍu '''in''' Grecia.'' "I am going to Greece." | ||
*: ''Suari ma vivil '''nôs''' Sirohusos.'' "My sister lives in Syracuse." | *: ''Suari ma vivil '''nôs''' Sirohusos.'' "My sister lives in Syracuse." | ||
*: '''''Nil''' anu proxim iṭur sungu âlos Sinos.'' "Next year I'll go to China." | *: '''''Nil''' anu proxim iṭur sungu âlos Sinos.'' "Next year I'll go to China." | ||
* '''e''' — expresses motion from (ablative), as well as "from" when referring to a time back in the past. It is also used for derivation or specifying a material, as well as translating "of" when it implies the ''result'' of something: | * '''e''' (< <small>EX</small>) — expresses motion from (ablative), as well as "from" when referring to a time back in the past. It is also used for derivation or specifying a material, as well as translating "of" when it implies the ''result'' of something: | ||
*: ''Fuara voḍu '''êxa''' staxuni.'' "I go out of the station." | *: ''Fuara voḍu '''êxa''' staxuni.'' "I go out of the station." | ||
*: ''Cros rivertu '''e''' Londiny.'' "I'm coming back from London tomorrow." | *: ''Cros rivertu '''e''' Londiny.'' "I'm coming back from London tomorrow." | ||
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*: ''Los nimbos rumonxos provenint '''êxu''' laṭin.'' "Romance languages are derived from Latin." | *: ''Los nimbos rumonxos provenint '''êxu''' laṭin.'' "Romance languages are derived from Latin." | ||
*: ''Frigiranta, congiranta, iscarfomenta. La mirolca '''êxu''' elaso.'' "Fridges, freezers, heating. Wonders of progress." | *: ''Frigiranta, congiranta, iscarfomenta. La mirolca '''êxu''' elaso.'' "Fridges, freezers, heating. Wonders of progress." | ||
* '''cu''' — expresses an instrument or a comitative argument. | * '''cu''' (< <small>CUM</small>) — expresses an instrument or a comitative argument. | ||
*: ''July secal arbolis '''câ''' sihuri.'' "Julius cuts trees with the axe." | *: ''July secal arbolis '''câ''' sihuri.'' "Julius cuts trees with the axe." | ||
*: ''Prefiaru scriviri '''cuna''' pena.'' "I prefer to write with a pen." | *: ''Prefiaru scriviri '''cuna''' pena.'' "I prefer to write with a pen." | ||
*: ''Trubu '''cu''' Tecra.'' "I sing with Thecla." | *: ''Trubu '''cu''' Tecra.'' "I sing with Thecla." | ||
* '''tras''' — through; among (in this case usually without article); expresses the agent in passive sentences. | * '''tras''' (< <small>TRANS</small>) — through; among (in this case usually without article); expresses the agent in passive sentences. | ||
*: ''Duhu '''trâu''' chastr.'' "I drive through the city." | *: ''Duhu '''trâu''' chastr.'' "I drive through the city." | ||
*: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class." | *: ''Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta '''tras''' crassi.'' "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class." | ||
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*:: ''Voḍu '''trâ''' cholyi (in peḍis/cu aḍ ambrori)'' "I cross the road (on foot)" → ''Trasmergu la chalyi.'' | *:: ''Voḍu '''trâ''' cholyi (in peḍis/cu aḍ ambrori)'' "I cross the road (on foot)" → ''Trasmergu la chalyi.'' | ||
*:: ''Duhimu '''trâ''' Hilvixa'' "We drive across [the whole of] Switzerland" → ''Trasmirgimu la Hilvixa (in vixilc).'' | *:: ''Duhimu '''trâ''' Hilvixa'' "We drive across [the whole of] Switzerland" → ''Trasmirgimu la Hilvixa (in vixilc).'' | ||
* '''incop''' — on, over: | * '''incop''' (likely < *in caput) — on, over: | ||
*: ''Iv ê nivi '''incopa''' teita dûs eḍifixus.'' "There is snow on the roofs of buildings." | *: ''Iv ê nivi '''incopa''' teita dûs eḍifixus.'' "There is snow on the roofs of buildings." | ||
*: ''Nuiros vuarant '''incopu''' chastr.'' "Clouds fly/float over the city." | *: ''Nuiros vuarant '''incopu''' chastr.'' "Clouds fly/float over the city." | ||
*: ''Il chat durmil '''incopil''' leit.'' "The cat is sleeping on the bed." | *: ''Il chat durmil '''incopil''' leit.'' "The cat is sleeping on the bed." | ||
* '''sut''' — below, under; with names of regnants/governors used for "during the reign/government of": | * '''sut''' (< <small>SUBTUM</small>) — below, under; with names of regnants/governors used for "during the reign/government of": | ||
*: ''Il chat cucoṭ ê '''sutta''' taula.'' "The cat is lying under the table." | *: ''Il chat cucoṭ ê '''sutta''' taula.'' "The cat is lying under the table." | ||
*: ''Lûnc chastr custruch fuch '''sut''' Troion.'' "This city was founded during the reign of Trajan." | *: ''Lûnc chastr custruch fuch '''sut''' Troion.'' "This city was founded during the reign of Trajan." | ||
*: ''Non inviniva pass il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin." | *: ''Non inviniva pass il curtialy, siḍ iaral '''suttu''' tistulc.'' "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin." | ||
* '''pro''' – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage): | * '''pro''' (< <small>PRŌ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ''ut'' is preferred in formal usage): | ||
*: ''Lânc flura funt '''pro''' tivi.'' "These flowers are for you." | *: ''Lânc flura funt '''pro''' tivi.'' "These flowers are for you." | ||
*: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'." | *: ''Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta '''prûs''' ambrantis.'' "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'." | ||
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*: ''Filyuara ma dimandovit-um '''pro''' eu dixissi la aliteia.'' "My daughter asked me to tell [her] the objective truth." | *: ''Filyuara ma dimandovit-um '''pro''' eu dixissi la aliteia.'' "My daughter asked me to tell [her] the objective truth." | ||
*: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights." | *: ''La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi '''prûs''' direitus varihoṭus.'' "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights." | ||
* '''groxa''' | * '''groxa''' (< <small>GRĀTIĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience | ||
*: ''Dinoji iv funt miny muartis nilu cunolb '''groxa''' lus heurimenis nila iatria.'' "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science." | *: ''Dinoji iv funt miny muartis nilu cunolb '''groxa''' lus heurimenis nila iatria.'' "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science." | ||
*: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri heri vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday." | *: '''''Groxa''' lu bon etiri heri vosimu âlu mari.'' "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday." | ||
*: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied." | *: ''Inteligi-su '''groxa''' stuxa ma.'' "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied." | ||
* '''estra''', meaning "outside" (stative), also figuratively: | * '''estra''' (< <small>EXTRĀ</small>, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel), meaning "outside" (stative), also figuratively: | ||
*: ''Aṭendu '''estra''' la ircexa.'' "I wait outside the church." | *: ''Aṭendu '''estra''' la ircexa.'' "I wait outside the church." | ||
*: ''Nila seumona proxima sissur sungu '''estra''' la tiara.'' "Next week I'll be abroad (lit. "outside the land")." | *: ''Nila seumona proxima sissur sungu '''estra''' la tiara.'' "Next week I'll be abroad (lit. "outside the land")." | ||
*: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")." | *: ''Lûnc ê '''estra''' ofixa ta.'' "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")." | ||
* '''adrint''', meaning "near" (in space or time) | * '''adrint''' (< <small>ADHÆRENTEM</small>), meaning "near" (in space or time) | ||
*: ''Lus missus funt '''adrint''' monxuni ma.'' "The post office is near my house." | *: ''Lus missus funt '''adrint''' monxuni ma.'' "The post office is near my house." | ||
*: ''Fimu '''adrintâ''' Risureuxuni.'' "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near." | *: ''Fimu '''adrintâ''' Risureuxuni.'' "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near." | ||
*: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland." | *: ''Midran siṭ ê '''adrintil''' nimiṭi hilviṭih.'' "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland." | ||
* '''circ''', meaning "around": | * '''circ''' (< <small>CIRCUM</small>), meaning "around": | ||
*: ''Lu helicoptero vuaral '''circû''' chastr.'' "The helicopter flies around the city." | *: ''Lu helicoptero vuaral '''circû''' chastr.'' "The helicopter flies around the city." | ||
*: ''Ambromu '''circâ''' pratia.'' "We walk around the square." | *: ''Ambromu '''circâ''' pratia.'' "We walk around the square." | ||
*: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting." | *: '''''Circ''' los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori.'' "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting." | ||
* '''siny''', meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no": | * '''siny''' (< <small>SINE</small>), meaning "without". The ''siḍiri + siny'' structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no": | ||
*: ''Lânc caramela funt '''siny''' gliqui.'' "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar"). | *: ''Lânc caramela funt '''siny''' gliqui.'' "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar"). | ||
*: ''No possun pass viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!" | *: ''No possun pass viviri '''siny''' tivi!'' "I can't live without you!" | ||
*: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")." | *: ''Sungu '''siny''' pihunya.'' "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")." | ||
*: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children." | *: ''Barban meu ê '''siny''' infantis.'' "My uncle has no children." | ||
* '''cis''', meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive. | * '''cis''' (< <small>CIS</small>), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive. | ||
*: ''Lus missus funt '''cîsa''' taviarna.'' "The post office is before the shop." | *: ''Lus missus funt '''cîsa''' taviarna.'' "The post office is before the shop." | ||
*: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday." | *: ''Fuṭur ê '''cîsa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen before Sunday." | ||
*: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!" | *: ''Faxi-su '''cis''' nus rivirtomu!'' "Do it before we come back!" | ||
* '''uls''', meaning "after" (in time or introducing subordinates) or "beyond". | * '''uls''' (< <small>ULS</small>), meaning "after" (in time or introducing subordinates) or "beyond". | ||
*: ''La taviarna ê '''ursus''' missus.'' "The shop is after/beyond the post office." | *: ''La taviarna ê '''ursus''' missus.'' "The shop is after/beyond the post office." | ||
*: ''Fuṭur ê '''ursa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen after Sunday." | *: ''Fuṭur ê '''ursa''' dominiha.'' "It will be/happen after Sunday." | ||