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The Class suffix determines which type of Predicate is being used. For State Verbs the suffix -n is used. For Inchoative Verbs the suffix -s is used. And for Causative Verbs the suffix -l is used. | The Class suffix determines which type of Predicate is being used. For State Verbs the suffix -n is used. For Inchoative Verbs the suffix -s is used. And for Causative Verbs the suffix -l is used. | ||
Predicate suffixes appear in this order: Dative Status + Class + (Main or Subordinate Predicate) + (Case) | Predicate suffixes appear in this order: Dative Status + Class + (Main or Subordinate Predicate) + (Case). Reduced Predicates take these suffixes: Case + Class. | ||
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'''Atisu''' ap mana husi, sac iz atine ap misa deri. When the man came home, the woman was there. | '''Atisu''' ap mana husi, sac iz atine ap misa deri. When the man came home, the woman was there. | ||
Sac iz | Sac iz naj vidise ip mani nobada, '''wakisu''' ha awi. The man didn't see anybody, (so) he walked away. | ||
Embedded Predicates | Embedded Predicates | ||
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examples: | examples: | ||
Sac iz vidise ip misi atanua ava ip tri. The woman spied the bird in the tree. (The woman spied the bird being (at) in the tree.) | Sac iz vidise ip misi '''atanua''' ava ip tri. The woman spied the bird in the tree. (The woman spied the bird being (at) in the tree.) | ||
Sac iz | Sac iz | ||
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examples: | examples: | ||
ap talan mana the tall man | ap '''talan''' mana the tall man | ||
ap engran misa the angry woman | ap '''engran''' misa the angry woman | ||
ap dedan mana the dead man | ap '''dedan''' mana the dead man | ||
ap dedas mana the dying man (the died man) | ap '''dedas''' mana the dying man (the died man) | ||
ap '''dedal''' mana the killed man | |||
ap '''butufan''' flora the beautiful flower | |||
'''Degree''' | |||
Degree adverbs form their own word class in Eska. They take the suffix -g. | |||
examples: | |||
'''veg''' very, much | |||
'''sog''' so, this, that, how | |||
'''bereg''' barely, hardly | |||
'''almog''' almost, nearly | |||
'''inag''' enough | |||
'''greg''' greatly, highly | |||
'''fulag''' fully, completely, totally | |||
'''mog''' most | |||
'''meg''' more | |||
'''leseg''' less | |||
'''lesteg''' least | |||
'''kwag''' quite, really | |||
'''Modality''' | |||
A clause is divided into a Proposition and a Modality. The above sections have dealt exclusively with the Proposition. Now we will focus on the Modality. The Modality includes: Modal nominals, Negative, Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice, Performatives, Manner, Temporals, and Frequency. | |||
''Modal Nominals'' | |||
Modal Nominals are nominals that are not necessary for a clause to be grammatical. They include: Instrument, Topic, Commitative and Modal Dative cases. | |||
Instrument | |||
The Instrument case takes the suffix -or. It denotes an instrument or means of completing an action. It can be a tool such as a hammer that is used to pound in a nail. It can be a weapon used to hurt or kill someone. It can be the method of completing an action. | |||
examples: | |||
Sac iz bitane op mano ap misa '''clubor'''. The man clubbed the woman. (The man hit the woman with a club.) | |||
Sac iz bitane op mano ap mana '''fistor'''. The man punched another man. (The man hit the other man with (his) fist.) | |||
Sac iz bitane op mano ap nela '''hamaror'''. The man hammered in the nail. (The man hit the nail with a hammer.) | |||
Sac iz beldane op mano ap husi '''brikor'''. The man built the house using bricks. | |||
Topic | |||
Topic can be used to indicate the "topic" of discussion. It is marked by the suffix -ay. | |||
examples: | |||