Kandi: Difference between revisions
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In essence, this feature makes the language seem to lack nouns or verbs, or rather lexical categories. Nevertheless, all content words may be conjugated and form verbal phrases, just like they may modify each other and all have one of three [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]s; ''masculine'' ({{sc|M}}), ''feminine'' ({{sc|F}}) or ''neuter'' ({{sc|N}}). | In essence, this feature makes the language seem to lack nouns or verbs, or rather lexical categories. Nevertheless, all content words may be conjugated and form verbal phrases, just like they may modify each other and all have one of three [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]s; ''masculine'' ({{sc|M}}), ''feminine'' ({{sc|F}}) or ''neuter'' ({{sc|N}}). | ||
The genders are not marked, but rather a form of natural gender: women are feminine, men and males are masculine, and everything else is neuter. The marking on the content words congruate with the gender of the | The genders are not marked, but rather a form of natural gender: women are feminine, men and males are masculine, and everything else is neuter. The marking on the content words congruate with the gender of the topic, and is simply marked as the same as, ''homus'' ({{sc|HO}}), or different to, ''heterus'' ({{sc|HE}}), the subject. | ||
===Terminology=== | ===Terminology=== | ||
*'''Predicate''' – the part of a sentence or a clause containing, in the English translation, a verb and stating something about the subject. For example ''went home'', in ''John went home''. | *'''Predicate''' – the part of a sentence or a clause containing, in the English translation, a verb and stating something about the subject. For example ''went home'', in ''John went home''. | ||
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}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | }}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᏡᎪᏕ: | |script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᏡᎪᏕ: | ||
|phrase = yóni | |phrase = yóni tsháatlí | ||
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi | |IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈt͡ɕaːt͡ɬiɨ̯] | ||
| morphemes = yón-∅-i tsháatli | | morphemes = yón-∅-i tsháatli-í | ||
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC nice.N;3SG.PROX.HE | | gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC nice.N;3SG.PROX.HE | ||
| translation = John is nice. | | translation = John is nice. | ||
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| index = 2.8 | | index = 2.8 | ||
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | }}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = | |script = | ||
|phrase = yóni | |phrase = yóni wandátsu | ||
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi | |IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su] | ||
| morphemes = yón-∅-i < | | morphemes = yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu> | ||
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS> | | gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS> | ||
| translation = I made John a man. | | translation = I made John a man. | ||
| index = 2.9 | | index = 2.9 | ||
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | }}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = | |script = | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = sáayayómbá | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/ | ||
| morphemes = sáaya-yón- | | morphemes = sáaya-yón-wá | ||
| gloss = 3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO | | gloss = 3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO | ||
| translation = They call me a man. | | translation = They call me a man. | ||
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====Stative clauses==== | ====Stative clauses==== | ||
Stative predicates, such as ''to hang'', ''to lie'', ''to be on fire'', ''to taste like'' and ''to know'' are almost exclusively expressed by means of the copula suffix. See also [[Tsan#Predicative complements|]], which is an equivalent interpretation. | Stative predicates, such as ''to hang'', ''to lie'', ''to be on fire'', ''to taste like'' and ''to know'' are almost exclusively expressed by means of the copula suffix. See also [[Tsan#Predicative complements|predicative complements]], which is an equivalent interpretation. | ||
{{Scriptgloss/indexable | {{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = | |script = | ||
|phrase = tátshuyi | |phrase = tátshuyi kákawiká | ||
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ka: | |IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ka:ˈk͡xajika:] | ||
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i kákawi- | | morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i kákawi-ká | ||
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC fire.N-3SG.OBV.HO | | gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC fire.N-3SG.OBV.HO | ||
| translation = The guard is burning [up]. | | translation = The guard is burning [up]. | ||
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}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | }}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = | |script = | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = wáaténdatshi... | ||
|IPA = [ | |IPA = [ɰa:tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕi] | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = wáa-ténda-tshi | ||
| gloss = DYN.1SG.HE-knowing.N-DUB | | gloss = DYN.1SG.HE-knowing.N-DUB | ||
| translation = I am not sure I learn [anything]. | | translation = I am not sure I learn [anything]. | ||
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}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | }}{{Scriptgloss/indexable | ||
|script = | |script = | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = yáanti katsan | ||
|IPA = [ʝaːˈʔani ˈkat͡sʌ̃] | |IPA = [ʝaːˈʔani ˈkat͡sʌ̃] | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = yáa-anti katsa-∅-n | ||
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-walking.N songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC | | gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-walking.N songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC | ||
| translation = The songbird walks. | | translation = The songbird walks. | ||