Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==

*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present

**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''~~nėx yxþøb~~'' 'I wrote', ''~~nėx~~ lė ~~xþøb~~'' 'I didn't write'.

**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.

*Present = from the bare w-form

*Imperative

**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''~~Xþøb~~!'' 'write!', ''Al ~~xþøb~~!'' 'don't write!'

**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Ktøv!'' 'write!', ''Al ktøv!'' 'don't write!'

*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim

*Infinitive

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The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

===Binyanim===

Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''þy-'' of Binyan 7 (''~~þyfaȝel~~'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.

Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''ty-'' of Binyan 7 (''tyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.

====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''~~xþøb~~'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''~~tȝam~~'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''ktøv'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''dȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''~~xþøb~~'' 'write'

|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''ktøv'' 'write'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''~~saxen~~'' 'inhabit'

|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saken'' 'inhabit'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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|colspan=6| ''saxun''

|}

~~For 4-letter verbs such as ''parkes'' 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem ''-C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄'', like ''nėx yprėkes'' 'I act'.~~

==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''~~dėber~~'' 'speak'

|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ðėver'' 'speak'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''~~ažxer~~'' 'remind'

|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažker'' 'remind'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''~~þlymed~~'' 'find one's way around'

|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''tlymeð'' 'find one's way around'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''~~eþygdel~~'' 'grow up'

|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''etyγðel'' 'grow up'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew. Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''~~stytȝem~~'' 'try out'

|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stydȝem'' 'try out'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:

*''~~mydrasi~~'' 'to school' (from ''~~mydras~~'' 'school')

*''myðrasi'' 'to school' (from ''myðras'' 'school')

*''~~þaxili~~'' 'to consume' (from ''~~þaxil~~'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')

*''takili'' 'to consume' (from ''takil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-k-l 'to eat')

*''~~žaxoji~~'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''~~žaxo~~'' 'right')

*''žakoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žako'' 'right')

*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')

The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.

*[STEM]-i = active

*þy-[STEM]-i = re-

*ty-[STEM]-i = re-

*mø- = active participle

*-ėþ = infinitive

*-ėt = infinitive

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''~~mydrasi~~'' 'to school'

|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''myðrasi'' 'to school'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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|}

===''~~xėl~~'' 'can'===

===''kėl'' 'can'===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ ''xėl'' 'can'

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|}

===''~~høbė~~'' 'should; ought'===

===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'

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|}

===''~~ryšė~~'' 'to like'===

===''ryžė'' 'to like'===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

|+ ''~~ryšė~~'' 'to like'

|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person ↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

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|}

=== The auxiliary ''bė'' ===

=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===

The defective auxiliary ''bė'' (inf. and w-form ''bė'', past and imperative ''bu'', passive participle ''~~buj~~''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).

The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).

* ''Yn ~~galt~~ lu ~~bė fyþuh~~'' = The door is opening (being opened)

* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)

* ''Yn ~~galt bu fyþuh~~'' = The door (was) opened

* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened

* ''Yn ~~galt~~ lež buj ~~fyþuh~~'' = The door has been opened

* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened

* ''Yn ~~galt fyþuh~~'' = The door is open (lit. opened)

* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)

** ''bė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn ~~galt bė fyþuh~~''.

** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.

* ''Dawid ~~bė fþėh~~ yn ~~galt~~'' = David will open the door

* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door

===Gzarot===

Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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