Essanian: Difference between revisions

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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
====Latin orthography====
=====Alphabet=====
=====Consonants=====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonants'''
! '''Letter'''
! '''Context'''
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA '''IPA''']
! '''Examples'''
! '''Remarks'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''b'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive b]]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant β]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''c'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [tʃ] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]] (depending upon the dialect)
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
|
|
|-
| before voiced consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
|
|
|-
| '''ch'''
| everywhere
| [tʃ] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]] (depending upon the dialect)
|
|
|-
| '''ç'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative θ]] or<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive d]]
|
|
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| Ø
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]]
|
|
|-
| '''f'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative f]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ʒ]
|
|
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive ɡ]]
|
|
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
|
|
|-
| '''gh'''
| everywhere
| [ʕ]
|
| In Arabic loanwords
|-
| rowspan="4"|'''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣw]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive ɡ]]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''gü'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
|
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣw]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| everywhere
| [h] or [ħ] or [x]
|
| Generally occurs in loanwords.
|-
| everywhere (rare)
| Ø
|
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''j'''
| either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ʒ]
|
|
|-
| '''k'''
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
|
|
|-
| '''l'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant l]]
|
|
|-
| '''lh'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant ʎ]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''m'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal m]]
|
|
|-
| word-final
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]]
|
|
|-
| rowpan="3"| '''n'''
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]]
|
|
|-
| before other consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal m]]<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal ɱ]]<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]]<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal ɲ]]<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal ŋ]]
|
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
| word-finally
|[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal ŋ]] (depending on dialect)
|
| =
|-
| '''nh'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal ɲ]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''p'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive p]]
|
|
|-
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant β]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''qu'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [kw]
|
|
|-
| '''qü'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]w]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial,<br />
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill r]]
|
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]]
|
|
|-
| '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill r]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative z]]
|
|
|-
| everywhere else
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]]
|
|
|-
| '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [s]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''t'''
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive t]]
|
|
|-
| before voiced consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]]
|
|
|-
| '''v'''
| everywhere
| [v]
|
|
|-
| '''w'''
| everywhere
| [w]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''x'''
| everywhere
| [ʃ]
|
|
|-
| between vowels and word-finally
| [ks] (sometimes [gz])
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
|-
| before a consonant
| [ks] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]]
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
|-
| in the prefix ''ex-''
| [z]; [s] before a plosive
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''y'''
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong diphthong])
| [i] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant j]]
|
|
|-
| as a consonant
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant j]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative z]] (depending on dialect)
|
|
|-
| word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative θ]] or<br />
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]] (depending on dialect)
|
|
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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