Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
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according to which the dental sibilant ''*s'' became retroflex ''*š'' after ''*r, *u, *k or *i''. In Eastern Carpathian this new ''š'' reverted back to ''s'' before plosive consonants (in some southern dialects before all consonants), but was retained in other positions, being the only source of the retroflex sibilant in these dialects. In Western Carpathian, on the other hand, ''*ś'' and ''š'' merged with very few exceptions, such as ''tor̃sā'' “bristle” corresponding to Eastern ''tar̃šā'' “crumb”. | according to which the dental sibilant ''*s'' became retroflex ''*š'' after ''*r, *u, *k or *i''. In Eastern Carpathian this new ''š'' reverted back to ''s'' before plosive consonants (in some southern dialects before all consonants), but was retained in other positions, being the only source of the retroflex sibilant in these dialects. In Western Carpathian, on the other hand, ''*ś'' and ''š'' merged with very few exceptions, such as ''tor̃sā'' “bristle” corresponding to Eastern ''tar̃šā'' “crumb”. | ||
The final consonants, except for *n and *s were lost. Final ''*m'' changed to ''n''. Final resonants were preserved by addition of a new ending: PIE ''*péh₂wr̥'' “wheat” > ''*púhr-an'' > Car. ''pūrha'' “bromegrass”. Final plosives were dropped: PIE ''*tod'' > Car. ''ta'' “it”. | The final consonants, except for *n and *s, were lost. Final ''*m'' changed to ''n''. Final resonants were preserved by addition of a new ending: PIE ''*péh₂wr̥'' “wheat” > ''*púhr-an'' > Car. ''pūrha'' “bromegrass”. Final plosives were dropped: PIE ''*tod'' > Car. ''ta'' “it”. | ||
PIE voiced aspirated consonants merged with their plain counterparts: | PIE voiced aspirated consonants merged with their plain counterparts: | ||
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It took place before the addition of epenthetic vowels before syllabic sonorants, so at the time of the change, syllabic sonorants still acted as a vocalic nucleus like the true vowels and could attract the accent as well. | It took place before the addition of epenthetic vowels before syllabic sonorants, so at the time of the change, syllabic sonorants still acted as a vocalic nucleus like the true vowels and could attract the accent as well. | ||
==Syllabic sonorants== | ==Syllabic sonorants== | ||
Syllabic sonorants become liquid diphthongs with ''*i'' (sometimes ''*u'') inserted before them. ''*u'' instead of ''*i'' is expected before labiovelars, which means that the change happened before the delabialisation of velars. This change occurred after Hirt's law, which operated on original syllabic sonorants but not on sonorant diphthongs. Another change that happened during the same period was *wl, *wr > *l, *r word-initially (but ''*wrōdnas'' > W. ''wōrdanas'', E. ''wōrdaras'' “dawn” (cognate with Sl. ''*rànъ'' “morning”), which preserves the initial ''*w'' through vowel metathesis, however the reconstruction ''*wōrdnas'' is also possible, likely related to ''war̃dinas'' “early”). It occurred after the prothetic vowels had appeared: ''*wĺ̥kʷos'' > ''wul̃kas'' “wolf”. | Syllabic sonorants become liquid diphthongs with ''*i'' (sometimes ''*u'') inserted before them. ''*u'' instead of ''*i'' is expected before labiovelars, which means that the change happened before the delabialisation of velars. This change occurred after Hirt's law, which operated on original syllabic sonorants but not on sonorant diphthongs. Another change that happened during the same period was *wl, *wr > *l, *r word-initially (but ''*wrōdnas'' > W. ''wōrdanas'', E. ''wōrdaras'' “dawn” (cognate with Sl. ''*rànъ'' “morning”), which preserves the initial ''*w'' through vowel metathesis, however the reconstruction ''*wōrdnas'' is also possible, likely related to ''war̃dinas'' “early”). It occurred after the prothetic vowels had appeared: ''*wĺ̥kʷos'' > ''wul̃kas'' “wolf”. | ||