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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbal morphology is the most complex subject of Annerish grammar; despite the relative paucity of conjugated forms, categorising paradigms has proven difficult. Native scholarship, namely the Bésgnae Béırle, have used a minimal numbering system based on the present stem: in the I<sup>st</sup> conjugation it ends with a broad consonant, in the II<sup>nd</sup> with a slender, in the III<sup>rd</sup> with a nasal (oftentimes part of a cluster) that is dropped in the other stems, and in the IV<sup>th</sup> there is no closing consonant. Bernthaler (1907) proposes a weak-strong classification similar to German, however, the relationship between all | Verbal morphology is the most complex subject of Annerish grammar; despite the relative paucity of conjugated forms, categorising paradigms has proven difficult. Native scholarship, namely the Bésgnae Béırle, have used a minimal numbering system based on the present stem: in the I<sup>st</sup> conjugation it ends with a broad consonant, in the II<sup>nd</sup> with a slender, in the III<sup>rd</sup> with a nasal (oftentimes part of a cluster) that is dropped in the other stems, and in the IV<sup>th</sup> there is no closing consonant. Bernthaler (1907) proposes a weak-strong classification similar to German, however, the relationship between all six crucial stems and their formation more closely resembles that of Old Irish. This article largely follows Teagan et al. (2003). | ||
Every verb has a lemmatised '''verbal noun''' which is vital for the periphrastic present. Derivational strategies have varied wildly, though most verbal nouns resemble the conjunct form of the present active or its equivalent in the present stative - the independent form. '''Valency''' cannot be inferred from the verbal noun, however. It is formally marked by the presence of a preverb in transitive verbs and its absence otherwise, but this nearly rigid system is a relatively recent development. Simplex bivalent verbs still see use in the Middle period, especially in sacred poetry and prose. A group of frequent, semantically transitive but formally stative verbs has evoked the term '''deponency''' in academic literature, with the concession that this cannot be considered a proper category in morphological classification. Similarly, the productivity of '''causative''' lexical formation must be simply noted, so as to not be overstated. | |||
Aside from the verbal noun, there are four more stems to each verb, along with the imperative which takes after either the present or irrealis, if not suppletive. | |||
4th-dimensional conjugation system consisting of an active/passive voice distinction, a 1/2/3 form-distinction, a non-past/past tense-distinction, and a subjunctive/indicative mood-distinction. Regarding the form-distinction in particular, the 3 forms correspond directly to a person-distinction, but are differentiated because of sound-changes merging archaic forms, as follows: | 4th-dimensional conjugation system consisting of an active/passive voice distinction, a 1/2/3 form-distinction, a non-past/past tense-distinction, and a subjunctive/indicative mood-distinction. Regarding the form-distinction in particular, the 3 forms correspond directly to a person-distinction, but are differentiated because of sound-changes merging archaic forms, as follows: | ||
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