Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions
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==Conjugation== | ==Conjugation== | ||
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and | The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]] | |+[[w:Present tense|Present]] | ||
Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
! ''ē/ī''-stem verbs | ! ''ē/ī''-stem verbs | ||
! ''ā''-stem verbs | ! ''ā''-stem verbs | ||
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem) | |||
|- | |- | ||
!''skeistéi'' “to read” | !''skeistéi'' “to read” | ||
Line 109: | Line 110: | ||
!''turḗtei'' “to hold” | !''turḗtei'' “to hold” | ||
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait” | !''gidā́tei'' “to wait” | ||
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age” | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
Line 116: | Line 118: | ||
|''turiū́'' | |''turiū́'' | ||
|''gidā́hū'' | |''gidā́hū'' | ||
|''zirhḗjū'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]] | ![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]] | ||
|'' | |''skeĩsi'' | ||
|''stèrhei'' | |''stèrhei'' | ||
|''turiéi'' | |''turiéi'' | ||
|''gidā́hei'' | |''gidā́hei'' | ||
|''zirhḗjei'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]] | ![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]] | ||
Line 128: | Line 132: | ||
|''tùrie'' | |''tùrie'' | ||
|''gidā́'' | |''gidā́'' | ||
|''zirhḗje'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | ! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | ||
Line 135: | Line 140: | ||
|''turiewā́'' | |''turiewā́'' | ||
|''gidewā́'' | |''gidewā́'' | ||
|''zirhējewā́'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]] | ![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]] | ||
Line 141: | Line 147: | ||
|''turietā́'' | |''turietā́'' | ||
|''gidetā́'' | |''gidetā́'' | ||
|''zirhējetā́'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]] | ![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]] | ||
Line 147: | Line 154: | ||
|''turietìs'' | |''turietìs'' | ||
|''gidetìs'' | |''gidetìs'' | ||
|''zirhējetìs'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]] | ! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]] | ||
Line 154: | Line 162: | ||
|''turiemà'' | |''turiemà'' | ||
|''gidemà'' | |''gidemà'' | ||
|''zirhējemà'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]] | ![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]] | ||
Line 160: | Line 169: | ||
|''turietè'' | |''turietè'' | ||
|''gidetè'' | |''gidetè'' | ||
|''zirhējetè'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]] | ![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]] | ||
Line 166: | Line 176: | ||
|''turiañti'' | |''turiañti'' | ||
|''gidañti'' | |''gidañti'' | ||
|''zirhējañti'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+[[w:Aorist|Aorist]] | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! Athematic verbs | |||
! ''e''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ē''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ā''-stem verbs | |||
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
!''skeistéi'' “to read” | |||
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend” | |||
!''turḗtei'' “to hold” | |||
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait” | |||
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age” | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | |||
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]] | |||
|''skeĩtun'' | |||
|''stèrhun'' | |||
|''turḗjun'' | |||
|''gidā́sun'' | |||
|''zirhḗjun'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]] | |||
|''skeĩs'' | |||
|''stèrhis'' | |||
|''turḗjis'' | |||
|''gidā́sis'' | |||
|''zirhḗjis'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]] | |||
|''skeĩ'' | |||
|''stèrhe'' | |||
|''turḗ'' | |||
|''gidā́s'' | |||
|''zirhḗje'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st du]] | |||
|''skeitawā́'' | |||
|''sterhawā́'' | |||
|''turēwā́'' | |||
|''gidāsawā́'' | |||
|''zirhējawā́'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]] | |||
|''skeitatā́'' | |||
|''sterhatā́'' | |||
|''turētā́'' | |||
|''gidāsatā́'' | |||
|''zirhējatā́'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]] | |||
|''skeitatìs'' | |||
|''sterhatìs'' | |||
|''turētìs'' | |||
|''gidāsatìs'' | |||
|''zirhējatìs'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]] | |||
|''skeitamè'' | |||
|''sterhamè'' | |||
|''turēmè'' | |||
|''gidāsamè'' | |||
|''zirhējamè'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]] | |||
|''skeitatè'' | |||
|''sterhatè'' | |||
|''turētè'' | |||
|''gidāsatè'' | |||
|''zirhējatè'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]] | |||
|''skeitiñ'' | |||
|''sterhañ'' | |||
|''turējañ'' | |||
|''gidāsañ'' | |||
|''zirhējañ'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+[[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]] | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! Athematic verbs | |||
! ''e''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ē''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ā''-stem verbs | |||
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
!''skaistéi'' “to read” | |||
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend” | |||
!''turḗtei'' “to hold” | |||
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait” | |||
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age” | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | |||
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]] | |||
|''skaĩtai'' | |||
|''stàrha'' | |||
|''turḗja'' | |||
|''gidā́ha'' | |||
|''zirhḗja'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]] | |||
|''skaĩstai'' | |||
|''stàrta'' | |||
|''turḗta'' | |||
|''gidā́ta'' | |||
|''zirhḗta'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]] | |||
|''skaĩtei'' | |||
|''stàrhe'' | |||
|''turḗje'' | |||
|''gidā́he'' | |||
|''zirhḗje'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st du]] | |||
|''skaitwā́'' | |||
|''stárwā'' | |||
|''turḗwā'' | |||
|''gidā́wā'' | |||
|''zirhḗwā'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]] | |||
|''skaistā́'' | |||
|''stártā'' | |||
|''turḗtā'' | |||
|''gidā́tā'' | |||
|''zirhḗtā'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]] | |||
|''skaistìs'' | |||
|''stártis'' | |||
|''turḗtis'' | |||
|''gidā́tis'' | |||
|''zirhḗtis'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]] | |||
|''skaimè'' | |||
|''stárme'' | |||
|''turḗme'' | |||
|''gidā́me'' | |||
|''zirhḗme'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]] | |||
|''skaistè'' | |||
|''stárte'' | |||
|''turḗte'' | |||
|''gidā́te'' | |||
|''zirhḗte'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]] | |||
|''skaitínti'' | |||
|''starhin'' | |||
|''turḗjin'' | |||
|''gidā́hin'' | |||
|''zirhḗjin'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+[[w:Future tense|Future]] | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! Athematic verbs | |||
! ''e''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ē''-stem verbs | |||
! ''ā''-stem verbs | |||
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
!''skaistéi'' “to read” | |||
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend” | |||
!''turḗtei'' “to hold” | |||
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait” | |||
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age” | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | |||
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]] | |||
|''skeĩsiū'' | |||
|''stérhesiū'' | |||
|''turḗsiū'' | |||
|''gidā́siū'' | |||
|''zirhḗsiū'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]] | |||
|''skeĩsiei'' | |||
|''stérhesiei'' | |||
|''turḗsiei'' | |||
|''gidā́siei'' | |||
|''zirhḗsiei'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]] | |||
|''skeĩs'' | |||
|''stérhes'' | |||
|''turḗs'' | |||
|''gidā́s'' | |||
|''zirhḗs'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st du]] | |||
|''skeĩsiwā'' | |||
|''stérhesiei'' | |||
|''turḗsiei'' | |||
|''gidā́siei'' | |||
|''zirhḗsiei'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]] | |||
|''skaistā́'' | |||
|''stártā'' | |||
|''turḗtā'' | |||
|''gidā́tā'' | |||
|''zirhḗtā'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]] | |||
|''skaistìs'' | |||
|''stártis'' | |||
|''turḗtis'' | |||
|''gidā́tis'' | |||
|''zirhḗtis'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]] | |||
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]] | |||
|''skaimè'' | |||
|''stárme'' | |||
|''turḗme'' | |||
|''gidā́me'' | |||
|''zirhḗme'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]] | |||
|''skaistè'' | |||
|''stárte'' | |||
|''turḗte'' | |||
|''gidā́te'' | |||
|''zirhḗte'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]] | |||
|''skaitínti'' | |||
|''starhin'' | |||
|''turḗjin'' | |||
|''gidā́hin'' | |||
|''zirhḗjin'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] |