Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions
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The past stem is also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel ''-i-'' (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of '' | The past stem is also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel ''-i-''<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->. | ||
'''Example: *''hanizi'' "to sing"''' | Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed: | ||
#'''Class 1:''' The past stem is formed with the vowel ''-ē-'' - e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did". | |||
#<b>Class 2:</b> The past stem is formed by adding ''-s-'' - e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged" | |||
<!-- | |||
#'''Class 3:''' The past stem is identical to the present stem - e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank"--> | |||
#'''Class 3:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' - e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'') | |||
Verbs in all of these classes may or may not have a ''j''-suffix in the present tense. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives. | |||
'''Example: *''hanizi'' (class 3) "to sing"''' | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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'''Example (''j''-present): *''dahizi'' "to do, make"''' | '''Example (class 1, light ''j''-present): *''dahizi'' "to do, make"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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'''Example ('' | '''Example (class 3, heavy ''j''-present): *''bargīzi'' "to stuff"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||