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Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed: | Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed: | ||
#'''Class 1:''' The past stem is formed by | #'''Class 1:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-i-''. It has two subclasses: | ||
# | #:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ô'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen" | ||
#:'''b.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wiht'''taz'' "conquered" | |||
#'''Class | #'''Class 2:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-u-'' which changes to ''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled" | ||
#'''Class | #'''Class 3:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-a-'', ''-e-'', or ''-i-'' that becomes ''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done" | ||
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above | #'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skāb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skaf'''taz'' "scratched" | ||
#'''Class 5:''' The past stem has the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk" | |||
#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged" | |||
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'') | |||
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*stô'' "I stand" > ''*steþai'' "I stood" | |||
A verb in any of these classes may or may not have a ''j''-suffix in the present tense. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives. | |||
A verb in any class may have an ''n''-infix. This infix is dropped in the past tense (both indicative and subjunctive) and the past participle. | |||
Additionally, a verb in any class may have a vowel suffix ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''. Such verbs conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present tenses and participle. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê/ô-''. | |||
The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel. | The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel. | ||
'''Example (class | '''Example (class 3): *''akizi'' "to do, act"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example (class | '''Example (class 3, light ''j''-present): *''dahizi'' "to do, make"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *''þragizi'' (class | '''Example: *''þragizi'' (class 6) "to sing"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *''hanizi'' (class 7) "to sing"''' | |||
'''Example: *''hanizi'' (class | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example (class | '''Example (class 7, heavy ''j''-present): *''bargīzi'' "to stuff"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê/ô-'') "to stand"''' | '''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê/ô-'') "to stand"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |
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