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Asaari has a fairly complex grammar; it lacks the common definition of a noun. Instead, all nouns are so called "nominals" verbs conjugated in a certain pattern.
Asaari has a fairly complex grammar; it lacks the common definition of a noun. Instead, all nouns are so called "nominals" verbs conjugated in a certain pattern.
===Syntax===
===Syntax===
====Nominals and verbals====
The language differentiates '''nominal''' and '''verbal''' constructs of finite verbs. A verbal verb acts like a normal verb. A nominal verb on the other hand, has affixes that makes it more similar to a noun or adjective.
In the most basic form, there is no difference between the two. However, through simple personal endings and relativisers, the meaning is altered.
*The main pronominal prefixes, {{sc|mn.1/2/3}}, make verbs verbal, indicating a subject.
*The relativising affixes {{sc|1/2/3.rel}} mark a word as nominal. The third person neuter relativiser, '''-i''', is also used to form finite verbs from verbals.
=====Finite and non-finite verbs=====
In Asaari, all nouns are verbs, and all verbs are [[w:finite|finite]]. To create a construction similar to the English [[w:non finite verbs|non finite verbs]], a speaker uses the relativising suffix '''-i'''.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''Árá gáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"| '''Árá ágáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''Árá ságáari.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="5"| /áɣa acáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="5"|/áɣa sacáːɣɪ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|á-
|rá
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|á-
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|sá-
|gáar
| -i
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|{{sc|mn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|pres.perf.2.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''I like the book.''
!
| colspan="5"| ''I like when I read.'' (''I like to read'')
!
| colspan="5"|''I like when you read.''
|}
====The topic marker====
In Asaari, no syntactic argument carries as much weight as the [[w:Topic-comment|topic]]. The topic is the argument of the sentence being talked about, the argument that can be inferred.
The topic marker is not compulsory, but a native speaker would probably be confused without it. The marker is a suffixed '''-s'''. The suffix is one of few very fusional suffixes, which often blend into preceeding suffix if it does not end in a vowel.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''Árás gáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"| '''Árá gáaris.'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''Árátsa gáaris'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪs/
!
| colspan="5"| /áɣas cáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="6"|/áɣatsa cáːɣɪs/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|á-
|rá
| -s
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|gáar
| -i-
| -s
!
|á-
|rá
| -tsa
|gáar
| -i
| -s
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|topic}}
|read
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|neg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="5"| ''As for me, I like the book.''
!
| colspan="5"| ''I like the BOOK.''<sup>1</sup>
!
| colspan="6"|''I DON'T like the book.''
|}
# In English, one would stress the subject in the second sentence, I, but the book would still be the topic: "'''I''' don't like the book, but you do".
====The topic marker and passivisation====
The Asaari language lacks any distinction in [[w:grammatical voice|grammatical voice]]. To express passive phrases, one would use the topic marker on the object of the transitive verb.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Éshis yéenínayih thagátsan.'''
!
| colspan="8"| '''Éshi yéenínayis thagátsan.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"|/ɛ́ɕɪs jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaqát͡san/
!
| colspan="8"|/ɛ́ɕɪ jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|esh
| -i-
| -s
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yih›
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
!
|esh
| -i
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
!
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="9"| ''The DOG bit the girl.''
!
| colspan="8"| ''The dog bit the GIRL.'' or ''The GIRL was bitten by the dog''
|}
====The topic marker, passivisation and incorporation====
The passivisation with the topic marker makes it possible to omit the subject nominal, as long as the finite verb is conjugated according to the omitted subject.
Another possibility is to [[w:noun incorporation|incorporate]] the subject nominal into the verbal. This is not the most common solution, but still occurs rather frequently.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Yéenínayis tha'éshigátsan.'''
!
| colspan="6"| '''Yéenínayis thagátsan .'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"|/jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaʔɛ́ɕɪqát͡san/
!
| colspan="6"|/jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|‹tha›
| -'-
| -esh-
| -i-
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
| {{sc|con}}
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg.con}}
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
!
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="9"| ''The GIRL was dog-bitten.''
!
| colspan="6"| ''The GIRL was bitten.''
|}
==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Number===
===Number===
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