Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

Chlouvānem has a decimal numeral system which has however a base-5 sub-base for some numbers (mainly 5 and 11-19) and a base-20 borrowed one for the tens.

Numbers (sg. ''mālendān'', pl. ''mālendāye'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. Cardinal 1, 2, and 3 are declinable adjectives, as are all ordinal and collective ones; 1-4 have separate adverbial forms, while all other ones have an invariable adjective used as multiplicative and a derived adverb used as adverbial. All distributive, fractionary, and cardinal (except 1-3) numbers are invariable.

! Digit !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Collective !! Distributive !! Adv./Multiplicative !! Fractionary

| 0 || '''ajrā''' || <small>''(ajrāyendes)''</small> || <small>''(ajrājes)''</small> || <small>''(ajrehaicė)''</small> || <small>''(lājrā)''</small> || —

| 1 || '''leil'''<br/>leilum<br/>leila || lahīlas || leilajāsis || leiluhaicė || leilahæl / lāleil<br/><small>(lāleilum, lāleila)</small> || lahīlvāṭ

| 2 || '''dani'''<br/>danīm<br/>danīh || hælinaikas || daniajāsis || danihaicė || danihæl / lādani<br/><small>(lādanīm, lādanīh)</small>  || hælinaivāṭ

| 3 || '''tarvas'''<br/>tarvam<br/>tarvė || tarvendes || tarvajāsis || tarvihaicė || tarvahæl / lātarvas<br/><small>(lātarvam, lātarvė)</small> || tarvendvāṭ

| 4 || '''nahė''' || nahėbindes || nahėñjāsis || nahėbihaicė || nahėbihæl / lānahė || nahėbindvāṭ

| 5 || '''švā''' || švājindes || švāyajāsis || švehaicė || lāšvā || švajindvāṭ

| 6 || '''tulūʔa''' || tulūʔendes || tulūʔajāsis || tulūʔihaicė || lātulūʔa || tulūʔendvāṭ

| 7 || '''chīka''' || chīkendes || chīkajāsis || chīcihaicė || lāchīka || chīkendvāṭ

| 8 || '''teitė''' || teitendes || teitajāsis || teitehaicė || lāteitė || teitendvāṭ

| 9 || '''moja''' || mojendes || mojajāsis || mojihaicė || lāmoja || mojendvāṭ

| 10 || '''naʔikām''' || naʔikāmindes || naʔikāñjes || naʔikāhaicė || lānaʔikām || naʔikāmindvāṭ

| 11 || '''lelišvatī''' || lelišvatīlindes || lelišvatījes || lelišvatīhaicė || lālelišvatī || lelišvatīlindvāṭ

| 12 || '''danešvatī''' || danešvatīlindes || danešvatījes || danešvatīhaicė || lādanešvatī || danešvatīlindvāṭ

| 13 || '''tarošvati''' || tarošvatīlindes || tarošvatījes || tarošvatīhaicė || lātarošvatī || tarošvatīlindvāṭ

| 14 || '''nahėšvatī''' || nahėšvatīlindes || nahėšvatījes || nahėšvatīhaicė || lānahėšvatī || nahėšvatīlindvāṭ

| 15 || '''švāmašvatī''' || švāmašvatīlindes || švāmašvatījes || švāmašvatīhaicė || lāšvāmašvatī || švāmašvatīlindvāṭ

| 16 || '''tulūšvatī''' || tulūšvatīlindes || tulūšvatījes || tulūšvatīhaicė || lātulūšvatī || tulūšvatīlindvāṭ

| 17 || '''chīcæšvatī''' || chīcæšvatīlindes || chīcæšvatījes || chīcæšvatīhaicė || lāchīcæšvatī || chīcæšvatīlindvāṭ

| 18 || '''teitašvatī''' || teitašvatīlindes || teitašvatījes || teitašvatīhaicė || lāteitašvatī || teitašvatīlindvāṭ

| 19 || '''moješvatī''' || moješvatīlindes || moješvatījes || moješvatīhaicė || lāmoješvatī || moješvatīlindvāṭ

| 20 || '''ekāma''' || ekāmendes || ekāmajāsis || ekāṃhaicė || laikāma || ekāmendvāṭ

Numbers from 20 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes. The other teens are: '''30''' ṣurakāma, '''40''' kaṭṭakāma, '''50''' caicukāma, '''60''' lęmba, '''70''' yūlkakāma, '''80''' yonllikāma, '''90''' jāṣyakāma, and '''100''' cambė.<br/>

Examples of compounding: 21 ''ekāṃleil'', 22 ''ekāṃdani'', 37 ''ṣurakāñchīka'', 53 ''caicukāntarvas'', etc. Note that ''cambė'' declines as a noun, and numbers from 101 above are written separately and without saṃdhi, e.g. 101 ''cambė leil''.

The hundreds are '''200''' ejamva, '''300''' ṣurjamva, '''400''' kañjamva, '''500''' caiñjamva, '''600''' morjamva, '''700''' yūlujamva, '''800''' yolljamva, '''900''' jāṣijamva.<br/>

'''1000''' is ''yoyakta'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6249''' ''tulūʔa yoyakta ejamva kaṭṭakāmmoja''.

The other divisions are based on groups of two digits: the two ones used in common speech are '''1.00.000''' - an ''ėjma'' - and '''1.00.00.000''' - a ''pārṇa''. Greater numbers only have specific names in scientific contexts: '''1.00.00.00.000''' is a ''virjasa'' and '''1.00.00.00.00.000''' a ''kālga'' - colloquially they are ''cambė pārṇa'' and ''naʔikām yoyakta pārṇa'' respectively.

Their non-cardinal forms are all regular, with ''-endes'' (''-indes'' after ''-m'') for ordinals, ''-jāsis'' for collectives, ''-haicė'' for distributives, ''lā-'' for adverbials/multiplicatives, and ''-endvāṭ/-indvāṭ'' for the fractionaries. Compounds of 1-4 retain all irregularities (suppletive forms, gender, and the stem ''nahėb-'' in four), e.g. ''ekāṃhælinaikas'' 22nd.

* In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put '''before''' the noun and the noun is always '''singular''' (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. ''leilum yujam'' (a lotus flower); ''danīh māra'' (two mango fruits); ''tarvas haloe'' (three names), ''lelišvatī ñaiṭa'' (eleven stars), and so on.

* If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in '''genitive singular''' instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: ''yujami leilum'' (one lotus flower), ''māri danīh'' (two mango fruits), ''halenies tarvas'' (three names), ''ñaiṭi lelišvatī'' (eleven stars). In other cases, the noun follows the semantic case (but is always singular anyway), e.g. ''marti tarvė'' (three cities) but ''marte tarviyė'' (in the three cities).<br/>This form is increasingly less common in everyday use.

Ordinals, collectives, and multiplicatives are simply used as declinable adjectives, but collectives and multiplicatives are always singular (optionally dual for ''daniajāsis'' and ''lādani''). e.g. ''hælinaikah kita'' "second house", ''teitajāsim lejīn'' "all eight singers", ''lātarvas yąloe'' "triple meal/a meal three times as large". Bare multiplicatives may carry either the meaning of "repeated X times" or "X times as large", but the latter is most commonly specified with a comparison (''en'') or by context.

Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''tarvihaicė titė męlyąt'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūʔihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutamiaça'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle".

Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nahėbindvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūʔendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country".