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**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | **'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | ||
***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'', ''-o'', or ''-u'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'', ''-o'', or ''-u'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ||
***Feminine with absolutive ending in ''-o'' or ''-u'': ''-ú'' | ***Feminine with absolutive ending in ''-o'' or ''-u'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''qino'' → ''qinú'' | ||
***Feminine with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí'' | ***Feminine with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''shimmírti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirtí'' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''shimmírti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirtí'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in a long or high-tone vowel: ''-n'' | ***Absolutive ending in a long or high-tone vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' "Fatima" → ''Faadhumán'' | ||
**'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | **'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-́i'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''námi'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-́i'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''námi'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short non-high-tone vowel: penultimate high tone - e.g. ''qino'' → ''qíno'' | ***Absolutive ending in other short non-high-tone vowel: penultimate high tone - e.g. ''qino'' → ''qíno'' | ||
***Absolutive ending long or high-tone vowel: ''-t'' | ***Absolutive ending long or high-tone vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumát'' | ||
*'''Secondary cases:''' | *'''Secondary cases:''' | ||
**'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"). | **'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-oó'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoó'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-oó'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoó'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short non-high-tone vowel: lengthen final vowel + final high tone - e.g. ''shimmírti'' → ''shimmirtií'' | ***Absolutive ending in other short non-high-tone vowel: lengthen final vowel + final high tone - e.g. ''shimmírti'' → ''shimmirtií'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-s'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-s'' - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumás'' | ||
***Independent form: ''oó'' | ***Independent form: ''oó'' | ||
**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"). | **'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-áh'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-áh'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́h'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́h'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namáh'' | ||
***Independent form: ''áh'' | ***Independent form: ''áh'' - e.g. ''Maxamed'' → ''Maxamedáh'' | ||
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | **'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namás'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ás'' | ***Independent form: ''ás'' - e.g. ''Maxamed'' → ''Maxamedás'' | ||
**'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | **'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namál'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''Maxamed'' → ''Maxamedál'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ál'' | ***Independent form: ''ál'' | ||
**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | **'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namád'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''Maxamed'' → ''Maxamedád'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ád'' | ***Independent form: ''ád'' | ||
*'''Pseudo-cases:''' | *'''Pseudo-cases:''' | ||
**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Maxamed'' → ''Maxamedé, Maxameddha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in short, non-high-tone vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namé, namarha'' | ***Absolutive ending in short, non-high-tone vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namé, namarha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-rhé'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) | ***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-rhé'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumarhé, Faadhumárha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: invariant ''dha'' (present only), ''é'' (adjective declension), ''dhé'' (= ''dha + é''; adjective declension) | ***Independent forms of the copula: invariant ''dha'' (present only), ''é'' (adjective declension), ''dhé'' (= ''dha + é''; adjective declension) | ||