Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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* ''ñailūh'' (ice) → ''tæñailūgyake'' (to freeze) (note the ''tæ-'' dynamic prefix).
* ''ñailūh'' (ice) → ''tæñailūgyake'' (to freeze) (note the ''tæ-'' dynamic prefix).


Positional prefixes can be used to derive new, more specific verbs, from other ones; [[Chlouvānem#Positional_prefixes_as_derivational_affixes|see the section under ''Positional verbs'' for more.]]
The other basic derived formation is the frequentative verb, formed with reduplication (with one coda consonant and basic vowel) with diachronic lengthening and '''-ve(y)-''' (''-vi(y)-'' in the past tense<ref>Ex.: ''dadarveyuça'' "I repetitively do" vs. ''dadarviyauça'' "I repetitively did"</ref>).<br/>Due to the common use of this form in modern Chlouvānem, some grammarians consider it as an inflectional category instead of a derivation. Note though that this does not apply for motion verbs, as the multidirectional ones are already understood to be frequentative.
 
Prefixes are a common way to form many specific forms of verbs, especially related to how much or how an action is carried out. As all of these derive verbs from other verbs, only the root is given in examples:<br/>
'''ñavu-''' ('''ñau-''' before a nasal, '''v''' or '''r''') forms verbs meaning "a bit more than needed". Verbs whose root has ''ṛ'' as the main vowel do not ablaut and always have middle-grade ''ar'', except if there is another prefix (see second example):
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''ñavudar-'' (to do something a bit more than needed)
** ''āndṛ-'' (to build, create) → ''ñavāndṛ-'' (to build/create a bit more than needed)
* ''vald-'' (to open) → ''ñauvald-'' (to open a bit more than needed)
* ''flun-'' (to go, walk (monod.)) → ''ñavuflun-'' (to walk somewhat further ahead than needed)
 
'''vīvai-''' forms verbs meaning "too much"; verbs with ''ṛ'' always have ''ar'' and are non-ablauting:
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''vīvaidar-'' (to do something too much)
* ''pugl-'' (to sleep) → ''vīvaipugl-'' (to sleep too much)
* ''flun-'' (to go, walk (monod.)) → ''vīvaiflun-'' (to walk too much ahead)
 
'''op-''' forms verbs of iterative aspect, or "to keep X-ing"; verbs with ''ṛ'' always have ''ar'' and are non-ablauting:
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''obdar-'' (to keep doing something)
* ''yųl-'' (to eat) → ''opyųl-'' (to keep eating)
* ''khlu-'' (to search, look for) → ''opkhlu-'' (to keep searching)
 
Reduplication (with one coda consonant and basic vowel) with diachronic lengthening and '''-ve(y)-''' (''-vi(y)-'' in the past tense<ref>Ex.: ''dadarveyuça'' "I repetitively do" vs. ''dadarviyauça'' "I repetitively did"</ref>) forms frequentative verbs.<br/>Due to the common use of this form in modern Chlouvānem, some grammarians consider it as an inflectional category instead of a derivation. Note though that this does not apply for motion verbs, as the multidirectional ones are already understood to be frequentative.
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''dadarve-'' (to repetitively do)
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''dadarve-'' (to repetitively do)
* ''na-gya-'' (to happen) → ''nagigyave-'' (to keep happening)<ref>The verb "to happen" does not exist as an iterative.</ref>
* ''na-gya-'' (to happen) → ''nagigyave-'' (to keep happening)<ref>The verb "to happen" does not exist as an iterative.</ref>
* ''tvorg-'' (to fear) → ''tvartveirgve-'' (to fear over and over again)
* ''tvorg-'' (to fear) → ''tvartveirgve-'' (to fear over and over again)
'''yavi-''' ('''yav-''' before '''y''') forms resultative verbs, with the meaning of "to finish X-ing" or "to X everything":
* ''dṛ-'' (to do) → ''yavidṛ'' (to finish, complete (transitive))
* ''yųl-'' (to eat) → ''yavyųl'' (to finish eating; to eat everything)
* ''mūmik-'' (to dance) → ''yavimūmik'' (to finish dancing; <small>''idiomatic:''</small> to start working, to get back to work)
'''tæ(m)-''' forms mainly dynamic verbs from stative ones (being often synonymous with their causative patientive forms) and from adjectives. It is also used with nouns, forming verbs with the meaning of "to become a(n) X":
* ''murkas'' (black) → ''tæmurk-'' (to become black; <small>''causative:''</small> to make/paint something black)
* ''jāyim'' (girl) → ''tæjāyim-'' (to become a girl)
* ''būṃṣ-'' (to be dry; <small>''causative:''</small> to dry something) → ''tæmbūṃṣ-'' (to become dry; <small>''causative:''</small> to dry something (rarely used))
'''nare-''' ('''nar-''' before another prefix) forms verbs with applicative meanings:
* ''pugl-'' (to sleep) → ''narepugl-'' (to sleep during something)
* ''yųl-'' (to eat) → ''nareyųl-'' (to have a meal with someone, to go eating with someone)
* ''ta-flun-'' (to arrive on foot) → ''nartaflun-'' (to reach a place on foot)
'''min-''' forms transitive verbs from intransitive (mostly dynamic) ones:
* ''pūn-'' (to work) → ''mimpūn-'' (to work on something)
* ''gya-'' (to be) → ''milgya-'' (to experience)
* ''peith-'' (to go (multidirectional)) → ''mimpeith-'' (to walk on foot while staying inside a certain place)


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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