Jukpë: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Jukpë has thirty-two consonants. | Jukpë has thirty-two consonants. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 657px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 73px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 73px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 73px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ! scope="col" style="width: 73px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The table below shows how consonants correspond to the letters of the alphabet. | The table below shows how consonants correspond to the letters of the alphabet. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; " | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 40px; "|Grapheme | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 40px; "|Grapheme | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; "|IPA | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; "|IPA | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
There are six vowel phonemes in Jukpë and two tones; high (◌́) and low (unmarked). | There are six vowel phonemes in Jukpë and two tones; high (◌́) and low (unmarked). | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 480px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 80px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Front | ! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Front | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The table below shows how the vowel phonemes correspond to letters. | The table below shows how the vowel phonemes correspond to letters. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; " | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 40px; "|Grapheme | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 40px; "|Grapheme | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; "|IPA | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; "|IPA | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Though Jukpë does not have grammatical genders per se, however there are eight noun classes which act similarly and are divided semantically, i.e. according to what kind of object the word is. | Though Jukpë does not have grammatical genders per se, however there are eight noun classes which act similarly and are divided semantically, i.e. according to what kind of object the word is. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: left; "|Class | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: left; "|Class | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 114px; text-align: left; "|Prefix (sg) | ! scope="col" style="width: 114px; text-align: left; "|Prefix (sg) | ||
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====Classes==== | ====Classes==== | ||
Adjectives agree with the noun they describe regarding noun class prefix. For example the base adjective "'''''edhék'''''" ("''red''"), is shown below: | Adjectives agree with the noun they describe regarding noun class prefix. For example the base adjective "'''''edhék'''''" ("''red''"), is shown below: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 460px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: left; "|Class | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: left; "|Class | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 185px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 185px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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====Possessives==== | ====Possessives==== | ||
Possessive adjectives modify a noun by attributing possession or belonging to someone or something. This corresponds to the English "''his''" or "''your''". Just as normal adjectives do possessive adjectives agree with the prefix of noun they describe. | Possessive adjectives modify a noun by attributing possession or belonging to someone or something. This corresponds to the English "''his''" or "''your''". Just as normal adjectives do possessive adjectives agree with the prefix of noun they describe. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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====Affixes==== | ====Affixes==== | ||
=====Pronoun===== | =====Pronoun===== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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Due to the pronouns that are effectively built into conjugated verbs, nominative personal pronouns are rarely if ever used. When employed they are mostly used as emphatic pronouns, somewhat analogous to the French "''Moi, je...''". | Due to the pronouns that are effectively built into conjugated verbs, nominative personal pronouns are rarely if ever used. When employed they are mostly used as emphatic pronouns, somewhat analogous to the French "''Moi, je...''". | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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Accusative personal pronouns are used when the pronoun is the direct object of a transitive verb. For example, "''I used to teach <u>them</u>''" would translate as "'''''Máríranyepárun <u>nyóyo</u>'''''", (literally "''I used to cause <u>them</u> to learn''"). | Accusative personal pronouns are used when the pronoun is the direct object of a transitive verb. For example, "''I used to teach <u>them</u>''" would translate as "'''''Máríranyepárun <u>nyóyo</u>'''''", (literally "''I used to cause <u>them</u> to learn''"). | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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Genitive pronouns are the equivalent of English's "''mine''", "''yours''", "''his''" et cetera. | Genitive pronouns are the equivalent of English's "''mine''", "''yours''", "''his''" et cetera. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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<u>Indirect object (dative)</u> | <u>Indirect object (dative)</u> | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 320px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: left; "|Person | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 130px; text-align: left; "|Singular | ||
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===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
There are twelve basic colour terms in Jukpë. These are shown below: | There are twelve basic colour terms in Jukpë. These are shown below: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-autocollapse" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms'' | ! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-autocollapse" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! style="text-align: center;"|''Colour spectrum'' | ! style="text-align: center;"|''Colour spectrum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||