Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(→Syntax) |
(→Syntax) |
||
| Line 2,301: | Line 2,301: | ||
===Equational sentences=== | ===Equational sentences=== | ||
The copula ''vák'' is rarely used in the present tense. Instead, a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted. Both subject-predicate and predicate-subject orders may be found. The predicate-subject order tends to indicate a more permanent state of being, while the subject-predicate order denotes a more temporary state. The uncliticized pronoun is used when the subject is pronominal or when the copular pronoun is used at the end of a clause. | The copula ''[[Themsaran/vák|vák]]'' is rarely used in the present tense. Instead, a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted. Both subject-predicate and predicate-subject orders may be found. The predicate-subject order tends to indicate a more permanent state of being, while the subject-predicate order denotes a more temporary state. The uncliticized pronoun is used when the subject is pronominal or when the copular pronoun is used at the end of a clause. | ||
===Predicative possession=== | ===Predicative possession=== | ||
"X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''gîe'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | "X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
The participial relative clause is introduced with a participle. An active participle's possessor is the object and a passive participle's possessor is the agent. | The participial relative clause is introduced with a participle. An active participle's possessor is the object and a passive participle's possessor is the agent. | ||
The finite relative clause is introduced optionally with a relativizer ''rin'' (non-restrictive and default) or ''nitrôg'' (restrictive; etymologically "whenever"). | The finite relative clause is introduced optionally with a relativizer ''rin'' (non-restrictive and default) or ''nitrôg'' (restrictive; etymologically "whenever"). When the head is omitted, the relativizer is mandatory. | ||
===Negation=== | |||
Finite negation is done with the pre-verbal clitic ''tir'', except in the future imperfective, where the particle ''vēt'' is used with the jussive. | |||
The predicate negator is ''dâ(r)''. | |||
Imperatives and jussives are negated by using the irrealis negation clitic ''ham'' with the jussive. ''Ham'' may be used as a standalone exclamation ("do not!"/"may it not happen!"). | |||
===Coreferentiality=== | ===Coreferentiality=== | ||
There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to, with fourth person pronouns or by other means. | There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to, with fourth person pronouns or by other means. | ||
====Word order==== | ====Word order==== | ||
The default word order in finite clauses is VSO/VS but other orders are allowed, some only under certain conditions. Participial clauses only admit VOS, VS and SVO. | |||
====Across clauses==== | ====Across clauses==== | ||
The third person is used for more topical referents: | The third person is used for more topical referents: | ||