Qino: Difference between revisions
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***Absolutive ending in stressed/long ''a, e,'' or ''o'': lengthen final vowel if short and add ''-w'' (masculine) or ''-y'' (feminine) | ***Absolutive ending in stressed/long ''a, e,'' or ''o'': lengthen final vowel if short and add ''-w'' (masculine) or ''-y'' (feminine) | ||
***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-iyow; -iyey'' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-í'' or ''-ii'': ''-iyow; -iyey'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-uwow; -uwey' | ***Absolutive ending in ''-ú'' or ''-uu'': ''-uwow; -uwey'' | ||
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***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-ow'' (with stress maintained) - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow'' | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-ow'' (with stress maintained) - e.g. ''namka'' → ''námkow'', ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxámmadow'' | ||
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**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''- | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''- | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe, makiinadha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: '' | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ||
:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->name<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person." | :::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->name<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; '' | ::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; ''namaché'' "I have become a person" | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||