Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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(changing verbs' lemma forms to 1st person jussive) |
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====Adverb formation==== | ====Adverb formation==== | ||
The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive) | The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive). | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
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The causative expresses causation or facilitation of the action. It is indicated by the suffix ''-nuh-'' after the masculine singular imperative, where the ''h'' assimilates to any fricative or may leave compensatory lengthening of the ''u''. | The causative expresses causation or facilitation of the action. It is indicated by the suffix ''-nuh-'' after the masculine singular imperative, where the ''h'' assimilates to any fricative or may leave compensatory lengthening of the ''u''. | ||
======Applicative====== | ======Applicative====== | ||
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n-''. The applicative promotes an oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)" and downgrades the core object argument to an oblique argument. An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (''vi'' for instrument, ''ša'' for location, ''lua'' for comitation, and ''mi'' for goal). In the passive, the applicative finds much syntactic utility in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object. | The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n-''. The applicative promotes an oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)" and downgrades the core object argument to an oblique argument. An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (''vi-'' for instrument, ''ša-'' for location, ''lua-'' for comitation, and ''mi-'' for goal). In the passive, the applicative finds much syntactic utility in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object. | ||
=====Supplementary moods===== | =====Supplementary moods===== | ||
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The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | ||
The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs '' | The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mólî'' - 'let me thank', ''nesâi'' - 'let me slay/kill (animate subject)', ''takvêi'' - 'let me know' (The citation form is the 1st person jussive). The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending. | ||
=====Subject affixes===== | =====Subject affixes===== | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
'''''hé'''mol''' | '''''hé'''mol'''stí'''<br/> | ||
'''''he'''nes''' | '''''he'''nes'''astí'''<br/> | ||
'''''he'''takv''' | '''''he'''takv'''ēstí''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus: | With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus: | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
''mól''' | ''mól'''stí'''<br/> | ||
''nes''' | ''nes'''astí'''<br/> | ||
''takv''' | ''takv'''ēstí''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
''mól'''chà'''''<br/> | ''mól'''chà'''''<br/> | ||
''nés''' | ''nés'''àcha'''''<br/> | ||
''takv'''écha''''' | ''takv'''écha''''' | ||
| | | | ||
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These exact forms are always used disregarding the finer aspects of gender composition in the group. Thus, for example, if the only male in a group speaks of "our (exclusive) respective villages", he will still say "my village his village". | These exact forms are always used disregarding the finer aspects of gender composition in the group. Thus, for example, if the only male in a group speaks of "our (exclusive) respective villages", he will still say ''chmásán chmásâu'' "my village his village". | ||
===Equational sentences=== | ===Equational sentences=== | ||
The copula ''[[Themsaran/ | The copula ''[[Themsaran/vákî|vákî]]'' is rarely used in the present tense. Instead, a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted. Both subject-predicate and predicate-subject orders may be found. The predicate-subject order tends to indicate a more permanent state of being, while the subject-predicate order denotes a more temporary state. The uncliticized pronoun is used when the subject is pronominal or when the copular pronoun is used at the end of a clause. | ||
===Predicative possession=== | ===Predicative possession=== | ||